基于主成分分析的PSO-ELM_Adaboost算法耦合模型在极震区泥石流物源动储量计算中的应用

针对极震区泥石流物源动储量受到多种因素的影响呈现出非线性特征不易计算的问题,提出一种基于主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)的粒子群优化极限学习机与AdaBoost算法耦合(PSO-ELM_AdaBoost)的计算模型。以汶川地震极震区区内的60条泥石流样本,从泥石流物源形成与启动方式入手,考虑沟域面积、相对高差、主沟长度、距发震断裂带距离、沟床平均纵比降和物源静储量六种泥石流物源动储量影响因子。运用Person相关性系数、灰色关联度和最大互信息系数对影响因子进行敏感性分析,验证选取因子合理性;基于PCA对样本数据进行降维,避免信息冗余;使用PSO-ELM_AdaBoost耦合模型对处理后的样本数据进行训练和预测,并将结果与BP、SVM、ELM和PSO-ELM模型计算值进行比较;为验证模型适宜性,从每个子研究区中抽取一条泥石流沟和其他极震区的三条泥石流沟应用PSO-ELM_AdaBoost模型进行泥石流物源动储量计算。结果表明,该模型计算精度优于传统计算模型和其他神经网络模型,具有较好的适宜性和稳定性,是一种可靠的极震区物源动储量计算方法,能够为泥石流防治工程的设计提供有价值的参考。     

“4.20”芦山地震前后宝兴冷木沟泥石流物源特征

研究区受"5.12"汶川地震、"8.18"泥石流、"4.20"芦山地震等大型地质灾害叠加作用的影响,区域上构成独特的工程地质环境条件.通过系统调研和收集宝兴冷木沟地震前后泥石流物源地质原型和泥石流灾害防治的第一手资料,重点查清泥石流形成的物源条件,对比研究"4.20"芦山地震前后泥石流物源特征、动/静储量比例.分析研究结果表明冷木沟发育点状物源、线状物源、面状物源,其中震前震后均以沟床侵蚀物源(线状物源)为主,占76.110%和60.690%."4.20"芦山地震后,沟岸堆积物源(点状物源)却成倍增多,为48的倍率,超31.490个百分点.整体上,除沟岸侧蚀物源(面状物源)外,同一流域段内,震后物源动储量高于震前.静动储量线性关系较为明显,相关系数R2达0.8~1.0,均属高度正相关.     

基于相对差异函数和博弈论的泥石流敏感性分析

引入可变模糊理论中的相对差异函数,建立泥石流敏感性分析模型.选取内蒙古赤峰抽水蓄能电站下库区11条泥石流沟,确定7个主要影响因子即单位面积物源量、泥砂补给段长度比、主沟平均比降、山坡平均坡度、流域切割密度、主沟床弯曲系数和植被贫瘠率.利用优序图法确定因子的主观权重,熵值法确定客观权重,由博弈论确定各个影响因子的组合权重分别为0.19,0.14,0.19,0.10,0.09,0.18,0.11.计算分析得出,该库区11条泥石流的敏感性有6条为轻度敏感,5条为中度敏感.将评价结果与现场实际调查情况对比分析可知,11条泥石流沟的敏感度水平与泥石流实际发育情况相符,证明该方法的可行性.     

强震区典型窄陡沟道型泥石流发育特征

针对汶川强震区5条典型窄陡沟道型泥石流进行实地勘察。通过室内颗分试验、激光衍射粒度分析试验、X射线衍射试验，分析了强震区窄陡沟道型泥石流的基本发育特征、堆积物颗粒级配和黏土矿物定量组成。结果表明：(1)强震区窄陡沟道型泥石流典型发育特征除了地形地貌上的“窄”和“陡”外，震后松散物源量中崩滑物源和沟道堆积物源显著增多，动储量比例增大，造成强震区窄陡沟道型泥石流危险性显著提高。(2)强震区窄陡沟道型泥石流堆积物固体颗粒级配分布范围较广，连续性较好。级配曲线不均匀系数均大于5，曲率系数在0.95~3之间，无缺失粒组；粒径小于0.075mm的粉粒含量均在0.5%以下，粒径小于0.005mm黏粒含量均在0.11%以下，不同沟道间差别较小。(3)强震区窄陡沟道型泥石流堆积物黏土矿物主要由伊利石、绿泥石和伊蒙混层三种黏土矿物组成，各自含量平均值分别为45.6%、38.8%、15.6%。伊利石和绿泥石总含量均超过75%，伊蒙混层含量均在25%以下。开展汶川强震区的典型窄沟型泥石流发育特征分析，对于地质灾害泥石流风险评估、监测预警和防控具有重要意义。     

帕隆藏布流域（波密-索通）典型冰碛物-崩滑型物源冰川泥石流发育特征分析

帕隆藏布流域是藏东南地区地质灾害最为发育的地区之一,其中,泥石流灾害在此区域具有发育密度高,危害性强等特征。针对该区域(波密-索通段)发育的一种较为特殊的冰川泥石流,即冰碛物-崩滑型物源冰川泥石流,研究在现场调查的基础上,结合遥感解译,进行典型泥石流发育特征调查和分析,总结了此类泥石流较其他类型泥石流在物源、沟谷地形和水源方面的不同特征。分析结果表明:冰碛物-崩滑型物源冰川泥石流物源以沟源冰碛物和沟岸崩滑型堆积物源为主,分布面积广,储量大;沟谷宽缓呈"U"形,为典型冰川作用侵蚀地形;流域内水源以冰川融水为主,水量大。此类泥石流沟谷支沟暴发泥石流概率大于主沟,暴发频率为中~高频,主沟泥石流潜在威胁更大。     

基于灾害熵与层次分析法的泥石流危险性评价对比分析： 以甘肃省迭部县为例

甘肃省迭部县位于白龙江流域上游区段，在构造抬升及极端气候的影响下，泥石流灾害广泛发育。通过遥感解译与实地调查，遴选出流域面积、主沟长度、流域相对高差、主沟纵比降、平均坡度、流域形状系数、岩性因子、距断层距离、1小时最大降雨量、物源参照值共10个主要孕灾因子。结合地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术，计算区内泥石流在各个孕灾因子的敏感性区间。进一步分别基于灾害熵模型与层次分析法模型对迭部县161条泥石流沟开展危险性评价，并将评价结果与区内历史泥石流灾害数据对比验证。分析结果表明：迭部县泥石流主要分布在流域面积为3~10 km2，主沟长度小于3.5 km，流域相对高差在1~1.5 km范围内，主沟纵比降大于200‰，平均坡度25°~35°，流域形状系数在1.2~1.4间,物源参照值介于0.35~0.6，距断层5 km以内，1小时最大降雨量为25~35 mm的沟谷内，沟内岩性以较软岩、松散堆积层及冲洪积层为主。危险性评级为中、高的泥石流沟作为区内最容易发生泥石流的区域，历史泥石流沟分别有74.07%和62.96%处于灾害熵模型与层次分析法模型评价结果的中、高危险性区域，说明灾害熵模型能更为准确的评估研究区泥石流危险性。     

兴宁乌石坑沟特大矿渣型泥石流灾害特征及危险性评价

广东省兴宁乌石坑沟是一条典型的矿渣型泥石流沟,物源规模巨大,泥石流频繁且危害性大,因此对其科学预测和危险性评价具有重要意义。在现场详细调查和大量测量的基础上,对该沟泥石流的成因机制及动力学参数进行了分析、计算。再通过对矿渣型泥石流各影响因子进行定量分析,选取堆渣规模、流域面积、渣堆稳定性等9个评价因子,建立基于层次分析法对泥石流危险度评价的数学评价模型,对研究区泥石流进行了危险性评价。研究表明,该沟泥石流危险度为0.626,属高度危险,评价结果与实际情况相吻合,可为乌石坑沟泥石流防治工程提供可靠的依据。     

九绵高速工棚沟泥石流发育特征及危险性分析

九绵高速沿线泥石流分布较广,以工棚沟为例,根据对沟域的野外调查,分析工棚沟的形成条件,认为工棚沟沟内物源量丰富、纵坡降大、丰沛的水源为泥石流的形成提供前提条件。通过研究工棚沟高位泥石流的发育特征,进而分析其演化历史及成灾类型。根据泥石流的动力学计算,对泥石流堆积范围进行预测。预测结果表明,该流域在遭受50年一遇泥石流时,将形成一定规模泥石流,泥石流对在建九绵高速及省道205的安全造成威胁。对工棚沟进行危险性分析,旨在为后续施工及治理提供参考。     

四川绵竹清平乡"8·13"走马岭特大泥石流灾害特征

2010年8月13日四川省绵竹市清平乡着降暴雨导致走马岭沟暴发泥石流,主沟及支沟内的大量松散堆积物一起冲出,导致绵运河改道.为了探讨强震区泥石流灾害的形成原因及成灾机理,利用野外现场调查资料和航空图像解译成果对马岭泥石流的流域特征,特别是地震条件下的泥石流物源特征,进行了分析.结果表明走马岭特大泥石流受降雨影响显著,流速为7.19m/s,最大洪峰流量为866.35m3/s,一次泥石流过流总量为121.64×104 m3,显示了强震区泥石流暴发的特点,认为震后绵运河区域进入了泥石流的高发期,降雨是强震区诱发泥石流的主要动力因素,泥石流暴发主要受前期累积雨量和当次激发雨量共同作用.     

山洪泥石流灾害危险度判定初探

近年来,随着全球变暖,极端天气频发,强降雨诱发的山洪泥石流灾害在甘肃省乃至全国时有发生。泥石流灾害通常会冲毁公路铁路等交通设施甚至村镇等,造成巨大损失,2010年8月8日甘肃省舟曲特大山洪泥石流造成沿河房屋被冲毁,阻断白龙江、形成堰塞湖,遇难失踪约1700余人。因此,探讨分析泥石流灾害危险度是一项值得研究的课题。从泥石流危险因子一次泥石流(可能)最大冲出量、流域面积、主沟长度、流域最大相对高差、主沟平均比降、形成区山坡平均坡度、沟长弯曲系数、松散固体物质储量、24小时最大雨量、流域内人口密度等出发,以舟曲特大山洪泥石流灾害为例,探讨分析了泥石流危险度判定。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.