致密气藏压裂倾斜缝压力动态分析

针对致密气藏斜井筒压裂形成的倾斜缝,将裂缝离散为微元,推导了裂缝内部有限导流数值解;采用倾斜板
源函数及势叠加原理得到了气藏流动解析解,通过将缝内流动和气藏流动在裂缝面上进行压力及流量耦合,建立了压
裂倾斜缝不稳定流动模型。划分了流动阶段,给出了对应的拟压力或拟压力导数解析表达式,分析了储层及压裂参数
对压力动态的影响。结果表明：不考虑井筒储存效应时,压裂倾斜缝流动形态分为：裂缝与地层双线性流、地层线性
流、早期径向流、拟复合线性流和晚期拟径向流。井筒存储效应产生的井筒续流段会掩盖双线性流。裂缝倾斜角和储
层渗透率各向异性对井底压力动态影响时间最长,会一直延续到晚期拟径向流阶段。无因次裂缝导流能力唯一决定
了裂缝与地层双线性流和地层线性流的出现与否及持续时间。随着气藏厚度的增大,早期径向流的持续时间增加,拟
复合线性流的出现时间推迟。最后,利用苏里格气田一口压裂定向井实例证明了该模型的正确性。     

裂缝性油气藏压裂水平井试井分析

利用Green函数源函数法,通过镜像映射和叠加原理得到裂缝性油气藏水平井多段压裂改造后地层中任意一点的压力解。首先推导顶底封闭四周无限大、盒状及定压条件下单条裂缝生产时地层中任意一点在拉氏空间的压力计算公式,并假设水平井井筒无限导流,进一步建立水平井多段压裂改造后井底压力求解方法。基于Stehfest数值反演得到考虑井筒存储和表皮系数影响的水平井井底压力解。对不同边界条件下井底压力及压力导数的双对数曲线进行分析,并分析压裂裂缝参数对井底压力响应的影响。结果表明:压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及边界影响五种流动阶段;同时由于油藏为双重介质油藏,所以还存在基质系统向裂缝系统的窜流;裂缝条数越多,生产相同的时间时井底无因次压降越小,但当压力波传到边界后裂缝条数不再对流动造成明显影响;裂缝半长会影响压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间及地层线性流之前的压降,且压裂裂缝越长,压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间越晚,生产相同的时间所需要的无因次压降越小;裂缝间距会影响裂缝径向流结束的时间,且缝距越小,裂缝径向流持续的时间越短。现场应用结果证明了模型的正确性。     

裂缝性油气藏压裂水平井试井分析

利用Green函数源函数法,通过镜像映射和叠加原理得到裂缝性油气藏水平井多段压裂改造后地层中任意一点的压力解。首先推导顶底封闭四周无限大、盒状及定压条件下单条裂缝生产时地层中任意一点在拉氏空间的压力计算公式,并假设水平井井筒无限导流,进一步建立水平井多段压裂改造后井底压力求解方法。基于Stehfest数值反演得到考虑井筒存储和表皮系数影响的水平井井底压力解。对不同边界条件下井底压力及压力导数的双对数曲线进行分析,并分析压裂裂缝参数对井底压力响应的影响。结果表明:压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及边界影响五种流动阶段;同时由于油藏为双重介质油藏,所以还存在基质系统向裂缝系统的窜流;裂缝条数越多,生产相同的时间时井底无因次压降越小,但当压力波传到边界后裂缝条数不再对流动造成明显影响;裂缝半长会影响压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间及地层线性流之前的压降,且压裂裂缝越长,压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间越晚,生产相同的时间所需要的无因次压降越小;裂缝间距会影响裂缝径向流结束的时间,且缝距越小,裂缝径向流持续的时间越短。现场应用结果证明了模型的正确性。     

多翼裂缝垂直井的瞬态压力分析

水力压裂形成的复杂裂缝网络破坏了单个线性裂缝的流动特性，给油井的动态预测带来了极大的挑战。为了研究多翼裂缝垂直井的瞬态压力特征，基于源函数理论和叠加原理将地层系统分为两个子系统，利用离散坐标法建立了瞬态压力分析的半解析模型。通过Laplace变换及Stehfest反演算法绘制了油藏中各流动阶段的识别曲线。在此基础上，通过改变裂缝数量、裂缝长度、裂缝角度、裂缝分布形式和裂缝导流能力等参数对复杂裂缝网络进行了敏感性分析。研究结果表明，多翼裂缝垂直井的地层流动共经历了4个阶段，其中，裂缝数量及长度对地层内地层线性流影响较大；裂缝分布形式对地层内双线性流及地层线性流影响较大且复杂；裂缝导流能力对地层内的双线性流动影响较为明显；裂缝断裂角度对地层内各流动阶段的动态压力特性影响均较小。     

低渗透油藏直井体积压裂产能评价新模型

体积压裂在低渗透油藏中应用广泛,产能评价是体积压裂优化设计的基础,对提高体积改造效果有重要意义。基于直井体积压裂的复杂裂缝改造特点及流动特征,将储层划分为三个区域:主裂缝区、改造区和未改造区,结合椭圆流与线性流建立了低渗透油藏直井体积压裂的渗流模型。针对低渗透油藏非线性渗流特征,推导出了低渗透油藏直井体积压裂三区耦合产能公式,产能公式计算出来的结果与现场数据对比误差小于6%。依据鄂尔多斯盆地某特低渗透油藏的基本参数,绘制了在不同影响因素下的产能曲线,分析了主裂缝导流能力、改造区体积大小、基质渗透率对产能的影响,结果表明:产能随主裂缝导流能力的增大而提高,生产压差越大提高速率越快;储层压裂改造体积越大,产能越高,但主缝长达到一定值后增产效果不明显;压裂缝与储层条件必须匹配才能达到最佳的增产效果。     

考虑水力裂缝导流能力衰减的直井注水能力预测模型

基于等值渗流阻力原理建立了一个压裂直井注水能力预测的解析模型。根据导流能力或渗透率的非均质性首先对裂缝分段及对基质分区。模型中各裂缝段和基质区的属性可以在缝长方向上随时间变化呈现衰减。在同一条裂缝段及对应的基质区内的流动为双线性流。注入的流体从注水井流入裂缝,并依次流经各裂缝段进入对应的基质区。给定初始条件和裂缝导流能力在缝长方向上随时间的衰减规律等,便可根据该模型确定直井的注水能力以及各裂缝段的流量和压力。对比发现,该模型的计算结果具有较高的预测精度,接近于数值模拟解,优于已有模型的解析解。算例表明,注水裂缝内的流体流量和压力沿着缝长方向逐渐降低,降低幅度呈现先急后缓的特点;相对于裂缝导流能力的空间衰减,其时间衰减对缝内流量和压力分布的影响更加明显。     

致密油层体积压裂水平井压力传播特征研究

考虑体积压裂水平井不同区域渗流特征(裂缝控制外区-裂缝控制内区-压裂水平井),建立了储层-裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型,应用Laplace变换及Stehfest数值反演,给出并分析了压力动态特征曲线。结果表明:基于压力导数曲线斜率,可以将体积压裂水平井压力传播过程划分为7个阶段:(1井筒储集控制阶段;2裂缝内径向流阶段;3裂缝及储层双线性流阶段;4裂缝干扰前线性流阶段;5裂缝干扰过渡流阶段;6裂缝内区线性流阶段;7裂缝外区拟径向流阶段)。同时,结合目标区块地质特征,分析了压裂参数对各阶段压力传播特征影响。结果表明:裂缝导流能力主要影响缝间干扰前早期流动特征,持续时间约200 h;裂缝条数主要影响缝间干扰出现的时间,持续时间约1 000 h;裂缝半长几乎影响整个生产前期与中期流动阶段,影响时间可持续至10 000 h。因此对于目标区块致密储层而言,建议首先优化裂缝半长,其次为裂缝条数,最后为导流能力。研究将对压力传播阶段识别、生产动态解释及裂缝参数优化提供理论基础。     

缝网页岩储层非线性耦合渗流模型研究

页岩气藏裂缝发育,流体渗流机理复杂,认识流体在缝网页岩储层中的流动规律是准确评价气藏产能的关键科学问题.本文建立多重连续/离散裂缝模型描述水力压裂后的页岩储渗空间,建立了综合考虑吸附气非线性非平衡解吸附、表面扩散,自由气黏性流和Knudsen扩散机理的非线性耦合渗流数学模型.模型认为吸附气在有机质表面发生表面扩散,并与无机质基质孔之间发生非平衡解吸附,无机质基质孔内存在黏性流和努森扩散,而天然裂缝和压裂形成的水力裂缝内只有黏性流.通过压裂水平井的数值模拟结果,揭示了缝网页岩储层中吸附气净解吸附速率的时空演变规律,发现了最大净解吸附速率由缝网逐渐向基质扩散的现象.通过多重压力系统分析,发现了裂缝中自由气、基质无机质孔隙中自由气、有机质中吸附气依次滞后的浓度扩散现象;通过对天然裂缝渗流场的分析,发现离散缝网区域包络线外的流动形式随时间依次出现:椭圆径向流、线性流和缝间干扰产生的非线性流.本文研究揭示了缝网页岩储层的渗流机理,为页岩气藏的开发提供了科学基础.     

分形油藏分段压裂水平井压力动态

为分析分形油藏渗流机理,基于分段压裂水平井渗流特征,建立了分形油藏分段压裂水平井试井解释模型,应用Laplace变换和Stehfest数值反演求得了定产条件下不同边界类型分形油藏分段压裂水平井井底压力半解析解.结合某油藏储层特征参数对分形油藏流体流动形态进行划分并研究了天然多孔介质自相似参数对井底流体流动形态的影响.研究结果表明:分形油藏分段压裂水平井井底主要存在井筒存储、过渡流、拟线性流、拟双线性流、边界影响流等五个流动阶段,天然多孔介质自相似性的不规则程度对流动形态影响较大,多孔介质中传导率异常影响相对较小.     

裂缝面非均匀流入的低渗透油藏压裂水平井非稳态产量计算

基于瞬时点源函数和叠加原理,考虑压裂水平井裂缝段产量非均匀流入、裂缝内变质量以及多裂缝间的相互干扰,采用空间和时间离散技术,建立低渗透油藏压裂水平井储层渗流和裂缝流动相耦合的非稳态产量计算模型。研究结果表明:以往将裂缝考虑为无限导流或者将裂缝考虑为均匀产量流入的平面径向流假设使得计算结果比实际产量偏高;在早期非稳态流动阶段,裂缝产量在井筒附近出现局部峰值,并且储层渗透率越高,裂缝导流能力越小,峰值越明显;在拟稳态生产阶段,低导流能力裂缝的流量分布趋于均匀,而高导流能力裂缝内流量分布进一步非均匀化;为了获得压裂水平井的最佳生产效果,存在与储层渗透率相匹配的最优裂缝导流能力。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.