区域森林生态系统服务功能评价——以山东省为例

生态退化、环境破坏是区域可持续发展的重要制约因素,山东省作为我国经济增长 最快的省份之一,森林生态系统在维护环境和提供生态服务方面发挥着尤为重要的作用。作 者采用市场价值、替代工程等方法基于县域尺度对山东省各地区森林生态系统的生产、游憩 、改善大气环境、水土保持等服务功能进行价值评估,在游憩功能评价中从与以往不同的角 度建立了新的价值评估指标。在森林生态系统服务功能价值计算的基础上,从结构、密度、 质量3方面建立了6项评价指标,采用多边形综合指标法对山东省各地区森林生态系统服务功 能进行综合评价与分级,在此基础上,针对不同地区提出了相应的措施与建议。     

城市森林生态系统生态服务功能的评价

运用森林生态系统生态服务功能评价的方法,依据社会—经济—自然复合生态系统理论和生态规划原则及昆山市森林生态系统规划的要求,对昆山市森林覆盖率、人均森林面积、人均公共森林面积、公益林所占比例、森林均匀度、综合生态价值6个指标分阶段进行了分析。并采用多边形综合指标法评价了昆山市森林生态系统生态服务功能,提出了提高生态服务功能的建议。     

基于生态系统服务价值的甘肃南部区域可持续发展评价

可持续发展的生态评估是当前国际生态经济学与可持续发展研究的前沿问题之一。甘肃南部区域的自然地理背景复杂,生态系统类型多样。以县级行政区为评价单元,选取相关评价指标,核算了森林、草地、荒漠、农田、湿地和城市6大类生态系统在气体和气候调节、水源涵养、土壤保持、环境净化、生物多样性维护、生物产品产出、文化娱乐7个方面的生态服务价值。评价结果表明,全省84个评价单元的生态服务价值的空间格局明显,较好地表现了各地区的生态系统的重要性及其分区指向,其结果可为省级主体功能分区提供基本依据。作为一种思路和方法,在完善主体功能分区中是值得探讨的。     

基于分布式测算方法的上海城市森林生态系统服务功能评估

基于森林生态系统连续观测与清查体系,依据中华人民共和国林业行业标准《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721-2008),并结合2016年上海市森林资源监测成果数据,对上海城市森林生态系统服务功能价值进行了评估.结果表明:2016年上海市森林生态系统服务功能总价值为125.8亿元,每公顷森林提供的价值量为12.75万元.8项森林生态系统服务功能价值量从大到小的顺序为:森林游憩(26.03%)净化大气环境(22.03%)固碳释氧(20.24%)涵养水源(17.14%)生物多样性保护(9.10%)保育土壤(3.53%)林木积累营养物质(1.84%)森林防护(0.09%).从研究结果来看,森林游憩功能的价值量最高.森林游憩、净化大气环境、固碳释氧和涵养水源是上海城市森林生态系统服务功能的主体功能,对于上海市营造宜居型城市及创建"生态之城"具有重要作用.     

青海省门源县森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

依据森林效益监测数据、森林生态系统长期连续定位观测数据、森林资源调查数据和国家权威机构公布的社会公共数据,采用《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》评估模型,对2013年青海省门源县森林生态系统服务功能价值进行评估。结果显示:森林生态系统服务功能总价值为293.63亿元/a;各生态系统服务功能价值大小顺序为:保育土壤生物多样性保护涵养水源净化环境固碳释氧森林防护森林游憩积累营养物质;单位面积年服务功能价值为9.257 2万元/(hm2·a)。     

崇左市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

根据森林生态系统服务功能评估规范(LY/T1721-2008),将崇左市森林生态系统服务功能价值划分为生物多样性保护、涵养水源、固碳释氧、净化空气、保育土壤、森林休憩及营养累积7个类别,以崇左市2015年统计年鉴数据、2014年林地变更数据、2015年崇左市森林资源主要数据更新数据和相关森林生态连续观测数据及社会公共数据为参数,评估崇左市森林生态系统服务功能的总价值。结果表明:2015年崇左市森林生态系统服务功能价值总量为549.59亿元人民币,单位面积生态服务功能价值为57 918.29元,7项生态服务功能价值的排序依次为:涵养水源生物多样性保护固碳释氧净化空气保育土壤森林游憩营养累积。不同林分类型单位面积生态系统服务功能价值由大到小的顺序为:石山灌木林松类一般阔叶林速生桉八角林硬阔叶林农地乔木及四旁树土山灌木林乔木经济林杉木类一般桉竹子灌木经济林栎类速生相思。     

基于空间分析的贵州省森林生态系统服务功能的价值评估

森林生态系统服务功能价值评估对促进林业可持续发展具有重要意义。利用遥感数据与GIS空间统计分析方法,分析贵州省2015年森林生态系统服务功能价值及空间分布特征。结果表明:1)贵州省森林生态系统服务功能价值量高达6 167亿元,各功能价值量排名为固碳释氧、生物多样性保护、净化大气环境、涵养水源、固土保肥、游憩、积累营养物质;2)生态系统服务功能价值量在市域水平上的空间分布呈现出北部遵义最高,东南部黔东南、黔南较高,中西部较低,西部六盘水市最低的分布态势,这一特征与当地地势条件与人类活动强度相关;3)黔东南、黔南自治州等部分地区应进一步依托森林生态系统服务功能价值较高的优势,大力发展林业绿色产业,走兴林富民道路;加强面向生态系统服务功能的林业大数据系统建设,为完善生态文明体制机制提供数据支撑。     

黄河三角洲高效生态经济区生态系统服务价值评估

采用谢高地分类系统和评价方法分析了黄河三角洲高效生态经济区生态系统服务功能及其价值,分析了生态系统服务价值的区域分布,并与Costanza分类系统和评估方法进行了对比。从生态类型来看,湿地、森林、农田和草地生态系统服务价值分别占总价值的63.3%,20.7%,15.6%,0.43%。从生态服务功能来看,废物处理、气候调节、水源涵养等方面的价值较大,分别占总价值的23.37%,21.88%,20.08%。     

江苏省重点公益林生态服务功能及价值评估

【目的】评估江苏省重点公益林的生态服务功能及价值。【方法 】依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721— 2008),利用江苏省森林资源二类调查资料,以及长江三角洲森林生态系统定位研究站长期监测数据和相关研究成果,对江苏省重点公益林生态服务功能及价值进行评估。【结果】江苏省重点公益林生态服务功能总价值为400.63亿元/a,是每年投入的257倍。各项生态服务功能价值大小次序为:涵养水源价值>固碳释氧价值>生物多样性保护价值>森林游憩价值>积累营养物质价值>净化大气环境价值>森林防护价值>保育土壤价值。针叶类树种以及梨、柿、板栗、杜仲、油桐等经济树种生态服务功能较高,其他硬阔及杨树面积大,但其单位面积生态服务功能价值均较低。【结论】公益林分布区应适当将杨树、其他硬阔树种等更新为针叶类,或者梨、柿、板栗、杜仲、油桐等经济树种,以提高江苏省重点公益林的生态服务功能价值。     

贵州茂兰喀斯特森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

根据森林生态系统服务功能的内涵和森林生态系统特征,采用物质量和价值量相结合的评价方法,使用市场价值法、影子工程法、生产成本法、机会成本法定量评价贵州省茂兰喀斯特森林生态系统服务功能的经济价值。结果表明:在茂兰喀斯特森林生态系统服务功能价值平均每年达394,123,79万元,其中涵养水源价值为15,317.61万元,净化水质价值为22,599.19万元,保持水土价值为118,843.97万元,固碳制氧价值为1,586.03万元,净化环境价值为194,757.37万元;林产品直接经济价值为1,019.61万元,游憩服务价值为4亿元(2008年)。间接价值是直接价值的8.61倍。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.