云南省烟草病毒病的调查与研究

采用ＥＬＩＳＡ，免疫电镜，常规电镜及田间症状观察法对云南省３４个县市烟草病毒病害进行了调查。云南省烟草病毒病害主要病原为ＴＭＶ，ＴＥＶ，ＣＭＶ，ＰＶＸ，ＰＶＹ。其分别占病毒病发病率的４２．４８％；６０．４２％；５６．４８％；３７．２０％；３７．７３％；ＴＥＶ发病率最高。另外混合侵染的现象非常突出，有两种至两种病毒复合侵染的现象，表现出非常复杂的田间症状。     

大豆病毒病的鉴定

1983～1984年我们对新疆发生的大豆病毒病进行了毒源鉴定工作。病毒的寄主范围很窄,测定的十四种植物中只能侵染大豆和菜豆品种Topcrop,不能侵染菜豆其他品种、豇豆、蚕豆、绿豆、豌豆、眉豆等豆科植物,也不能侵染普通烟、曼陀罗、百日菊、苋色藜、昆诺阿藜等。病毒的种传率为0.6—15.2％,棉黑蚜、桃蚜可以传毒。病毒的致死温度为60℃,稀释限点1:1000,体外保毒期四天。所有毒源标样与标准的大豆花叶病毒(SMV)抗血清发生明显的沉淀反应,一少部分标样与SMV抗血清发生反应的同时,还与苜蓿花叶病毒(AMV)的抗血清发生反应。电镜上观察病毒粒体为线状,大小为700～800×10～15毫微米。根据以上性状,引致新疆大豆病毒病的毒原主要为大豆花叶病毒(SMV)。     

宝坻大蒜病毒病原的初步研究

宝坻蒜区的栽培大蒜普遍感染病毒,发病率几乎百分之百。病毒病的主要症状是花叶,并伴随有叶片黄化,扭曲畸形,植株矮化。病叶的汁液作电镜负柒,发现有大量的线状病毒颗粒,主要分为两种:15nm×600—1200nm和9—10nm×600nm;病叶细胞超微结构中,存在典型的风轮状内含体;经免疫电镜方法,发现两种颗粒与烟草花叶病毒(TMV)抗血清反应为阴性,与马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)抗血清反应为阳性;感染了蒜病毒的昆诺阿藜,在叶子上产生枯斑症状。初步研究认为,宝坻大蒜感染的是属于PVY的大蒜花叶病毒(GMV);通过超离心方法已经得到了两种线状病毒的复合提取物。     

烟株不同叶位及接种方式对TMV传播的影响

为进一步弄清烟草普通花叶病毒病的传毒规律.试验以烟草品种K326为材料,连续3a以不同接种方式对健康烟株进行TMV接种试验.结果表明:烟草普通花叶病不通过烟叶气孔传毒,而是通过微伤口、大伤口和叶面与叶面接触渠道传播病毒,而且病毒人口离生长中心越近,病毒传播表现的速度更快,病毒的潜伏期为15～30 d,且在接种30～45d内,烟叶的发病率有一高峰值;烟草普通花叶病毒在烟株的幼嫩叶片上更易传播,症状表现在接种以上的叶片上,带病症的老叶片随着烟株的生长,症状会慢慢消失;在20～35℃的范围内,高温高湿有利于病毒的侵染和症状的表现.杜绝烟草幼嫩叶片摩擦伤口和TMV接触,是防治烟株上TMV传播的有效途径.     

一种类似大麦伪条斑病的大麦病毒病

近年来本省大小麦在不同地区陆续发现一些影响生产的病害,特别是一些病毒病,除了容易同生理性病害混淆外,在不同病毒病之间,因外表症状类似,更不容易鉴别,因而往往引起不同的看法。如大麦伪条斑病经过试验,业已明确是由种子、花粉或汁液传带病毒的,其主要特征除叶片呈花叶斑驳外,有细小的散生褐色条斑,或较长的褐色条斑;但近年又发现一种大麦病害,叶片上也有褐色条点,常在麦田连片发生,不同的是这种褐色条点是和叶脉平行的。经过1973和1974两年的观察,初步明确这是一种由土壤传带的大麦病毒病,类似大麦条纹萎缩病。现将观察经过总结如下,以供参考。     

新疆辣椒病毒病的初步研究

1983—1984牟在石河子地区采集了具有花叶、皱缩和矮化的病毒标样23个.其中以84—01为代表的19个标样,病毒粒体形态杆状,长约312nm左右。可系统侵染辣椒、番茄和普通烟(三生品种),诱导花叶症。局部侵染心叶烟、普通烟(珊(王西)品种),蔓陀罗和苋色藜诱导局部坏死斑。很容易通过摩擦接种,但不能蚜传。致死温度95℃、10分钟,稀释限点10~(-7),体外存活期达5个月以上,并与TMV抗血清产生明显的沉淀线。根据这些特性,确认这类样品的毒源为烟草花叶病毒(TMV)。另一类以83—01为代表的四个样品病毒粒体为球状,大小28nm。可以系统侵染辣椒、番茄、心叶烟、普通烟、蔓陀罗、西葫芦、甜瓜和黄瓜,局部侵染蚕豆、苋色藜。可通过摩擦接种,也可通过桃蚜传毒,与黄瓜花叶病毒产生明显的沉淀线,证明这类标样的毒源为黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)。这两种病毒在田间流行以TMV为主,CMV则较少。八月份以后CMV发病率有所增加。田间还存在不少TMV与CMV混合侵染的病株。实验还证实TMV可以通过辣椒种子、病株残体及带病残体的土壤带毒,成为来年初侵染毒源。通过10％磷酸钠处理种子及用75℃干热处理种子24小时,可以使辣椒种子脱毒,对种子发芽无不良影响。     

菠菜上蚕豆萎蔫病毒的鉴定

石河子地区菠菜病毒发生十分严重,其病状以皱缩,花叶、畸形、矮化为主。1986年我们从本院菠菜上表现皱缩花叶、畸形和矮化的典型病株上得到一个病毒分离物:SP—1,经寄主范围测定,它可以浸染豆科、茄科、藜科和番杏科的各种植物,并可以通过汁液摩擦和桃蚜传毒。光学显微镜下捡查。病毒细胞内有不定形内含体。病毒的致死温度为57℃～59℃,稀释限点为10_-~3～10_-~4,体外存活期9天以上。电镜观察病毒粒体为球形,大小25毫微米左右。据上述特性和有关资料分析,鉴定为蚕豆萎焉病毒。近年来,石河子地区菠菜病毒病的发生愈来愈重。据调查不少地方发病率达80％以上。重病田越冬前即可造成大量死苗。越冬后有时死苗率也达50％以上。对菠菜产量影响很大。田间症状主要表现为花叶、皱缩,还有疱斑和黄化等类型。大部分情况下这些症状混合发生,病株均严重矮化。现就皱缩花叶型病林上的分离物的鉴定简介如下。     

多年生花生和郁南假花生的营养成分研究*

对多年生花生和郁南假花生两种牧草的营养成分进行较全面的分析。多年生花生和郁南假花生的粗蛋白的含量分别为６．１０％和３．７９Ａ％,３１．３７％和１５．４８％,其纤维素的含量为３．９６％和７．９３％,２０．３８％和２７．２４％;根据氨基酸分析结果,两种牧草的氨基酸种类齐全,特别是必需氨基酸含量丰富;     

石河子地区大葱病毒病毒源的鉴定

石河子地区大葱病毒病主要表现为黄化、矮缩、条纹症。1986年我们从本院表现黄化、条纹症的大葱病株上分离到一个病毒分离物—86—1。经寄主范围测定,其奇主范围很窄,只感染百合科的大葱、洋葱和韭菜等。通过汁液摩擦和蚜虫传染,光学显微镜下检查可以看到不定型内含体。病毒致死温度为70—75℃,稀释限点为1000—10000,体外保毒期为4—8天,电镜下观察病毒粒体线状,大小为750—850nm,超薄切片观察,可见风轮状内含体。说明为马铃薯y—组病毒的成员。根据上术特性和有关资料分析,石河子地区大葱病毒病的毒源应是洋葱黄矮病毒。近年来,石河子地区大葱病毒病发生日趋严重,一般发病率为5—10％,重者达25％以上,病株平均减产达27.3％。田间症状主要表现为黄化、矮缩和条纹。病叶有时扭曲,留种株严重矮化、花序减少,有时畸形、结实率降低,减产可达50％,严重影响大葱的生产,为此于1986—1987年对该病毒源进行了初步鉴定。     

番茄病毒病的调查研究

1984——1985年在石河子地区采集了蕃茄病毒标样175个,包括不同症状和严重度的病株。通过鉴别寄主反应,蚜传实验,物化属性测定血清学反应及病毒提纯后的电子显微镜形态观察进行了病毒种类的常规鉴定。初步认为,1984年石河子地区蕃茄病毒病的主要病源是TMV—蕃茄株系,占田间流行病源的74.5%,占调查样点的81.8%,其次为TMV—普通株系和CMV分别占30.6%和24%,同时占调查样点的63.6%和72.76%,但未发现CMV单独感染的病株。 在鉴定工作的同时,对蕃茄病毒病的流行与环境因素的关系,品种抗病性,种子带毒情况,种子消毒及蕃茄病毒病的田间防治作了初步探讨,认为对蕃茄病毒病影响较大的主要是温度,连作及田间管理等。远离菜地且有自然屏障的蕃茄病毒病明显减轻。除此,蕃茄品种间有一定的抗病性差异。新鲜种子带毒率高,贮藏数月后带毒率明显降低,用磷酸三钠和次氯酸钠对种子进行消毒,可以降低种子带毒率;磷酸二氢钾在蕃茄病毒病发病初期喷洒有明显的控制作用,且有增产效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.