氧化锌矿物浸出渣中铅、锶的提取及动力学分析

NH₄HCO₃ conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH₄HCO₃ conversion, including molar ratio of NH₄HCO₃ to zinc extracted residual, NH₄HCO₃ concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH₄HCO₃ conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.     

不同结构和形态的天然镁硅酸盐:与K反应制备生物柴油的K2MgSiO4催化剂

In this work, different magnesium silicate mineral samples based on antigorite, lizardite, chrysotile (which have the same general formula Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄), and talc (Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂) were reacted with KOH to prepare catalysts for biodiesel production. Simple impregnation with 20wt% K and treatment at 700–900°C led to a solid-state reaction to mainly form the K₂MgSiO₄ phase in all samples. These results indicate that the K ion can diffuse into the different Mg silicate structures and textures, likely through intercalation in the interlayer space of the different mineral samples followed by dehydroxylation and K₂MgSiO₄ formation. All the materials showed catalytic activity for the transesterification of soybean oil (1:6 of oil : methanol molar ratio, 5wt% of catalyst, 60°C). However, the best results were obtained for the antigorite and chrysotile precursors, which are discussed in terms of mineral structure and the more efficient formation of the active phase K₂MgSiO₄.     

微生物浸矿技术在我国的研究现状及发展前景

As the world’s second largest economy experiencing rapid economic growth, China has a huge demand for metals and energy. In recent years, China ranks first, among all the countries in the world, in the production and consumption of several metals such as copper, gold, and rare earth elements. Bioleaching, which is an approach for mining low grade and refractory ores, has been applied in industrial production, and bioleaching has made great contributions to the development of the Chinese mining industry. The exploration and application of bioleaching in China are reviewed in this study. Production and consumption trends of several metals in China over the past decade are reviewed. Technological processes at key bioleaching operations in China, such as at the Zijinshan Copper Mine and Mianhuakeng Uranium Mine, are presented. Also, the current challenges faced by bioleaching operations in China are introduced. Moreover, prospects such as efficiency improvement and environmental protection are proposed based on the current situation in the Chinese bioleaching industry.     

皮秒Nd:YAG激光对生物金属纯Ti和Ti–13Nb–13Zr合金的表面改性

The effects of picosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation on chemical and morphological surface characteristics of the commercially pure titanium and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in air and argon atmospheres were studied under different laser output energy values. During the interaction of laser irradiation with the investigated materials, a part of the energy was absorbed on the target surface, influencing surface modifications. Laser beam interaction with the target surface resulted in various morphological alterations, resulting in crater formation and the presence of microcracks and hydrodynamic structures. Moreover, different chemical changes were induced on the target materials’ surfaces, resulting in the titanium oxide formation in the irradiation-affected area and consequently increasing the irradiation energy absorption. Given the high energy absorption at the site of interaction, the dimensions of the surface damaged area increased. Consequently, surface roughness increased. The appearance of surface oxides also led to the increased material hardness in the surface-modified area. Observed chemical and morphological changes were pronounced after laser irradiation of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface.     

基于响应曲面法的铁焦冶金性能多目标协同优化

Iron carbon agglomerates (ICA) are used to realize low-carbon blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, the central composite design based on response surface methodology was used to synergistically optimize the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. Results show that the iron ore addition ratio significantly influences the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. The iron ore addition ratio and carbonization temperature or the iron ore addition ratio and carbonization time exert significant interaction effects on the compressive strength and reactivity of ICA, but it has no interaction effects on the post-reaction strength of ICA. In addition, the optimal process parameters are as follows: iron ore addition ratio of 15.30wt%, carbonization temperature of 1000°C, and carbonization time of 4.27 h. The model prediction results of compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength are 4026 N, 55.03%, and 38.24%, respectively, which are close to the experimental results and further verify the accuracy and reliability of the models.     

汽车用废弃锂离子电池的减量化、再生及回收研究进展

The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, as well as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse, and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs is proposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designing new batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced. These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developed technologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

机械合金化法制备的Cu/SiC纳米复合材料的组织、热性能和力学性能评估

Nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC: 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, and 8wt%) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix nanocomposites were manufactured, pressed, and sintered at 775 and 875°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The density, thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content, the microstrain and dislocation density increased, while the crystal size decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix. The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures, where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt% SiC and sintered at 875°C were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%?1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature. The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties.     

空冷条件下钛渣颗粒的氧化路径及氧化动力学

The oxidation pathway and kinetics of titania slag powders in air were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetry (TG). The oxidation pathway of titania slag powder in air was divided into three stages according to their three exothermic peaks and three corresponding mass gain stages indicated by the respective non-isothermal DSC and TG curves. The isothermal oxidation kin-etics of high titania slag powders of different sizes were analyzed using the ln-ln analysis method. The results revealed that the entire isotherm-al oxidation process comprises two stages. The kinetic mechanism of the first stage can be described as f (α)=1.77 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.77?1)/1.77 , f (α)=1.97 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.97?1)/1.97 , and f (α)=1.18 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.18?1)/1.18 . The kinetic mechanism of the second stage for all samples can be described as f (α)=1.5(1?α)2/3[1?(1?α)1/3]?1 . The activation energies of titania slag powders with different sizes (d1 < 0.075 mm, 0.125 mm < d2 < 0.150 mm, and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm) for different reaction degrees were calculated. For the given experimental conditions, the rate-controlling step in the first oxidation stage of all the samples is a chemical reaction. The rate-controlling steps of the second oxidation stage are a chemical reaction and internal diffusion (for powders d1 < 0.075 mm) and internal diffusion (for powders 0.125 mm < d2 <0.150 mm and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm).     

不同应变速率下Mg?B4C纳米复合材料的力学性能表征

Magnesium has wide application in industry. The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B₄C nanoparticles. The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder compaction technique for 0, 1.5vol%, 3vol%, 5vol%, and 10vol% of B₄C. Powder compaction was conducted using a split Hopkinson bar (SHB), drop hammer (DH), and Instron to reach different compaction loading rates. The compressive stress–strain curves of the samples were captured from quasi-static and dynamic tests carried out using an Instron and split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. Results revealed that, to achieve the highest improvement in ultimate strength, the contents of B₄C were 1.5vol%, 3vol%, and 3vol% for Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. These results also indicated that the effect of compaction type on the quasi-static strength of the samples was not as significant, although its effect on the dynamic strength of the samples was remarkable. The improvement in ultimate strength obtained from the quasi-static stress–strain curves of the samples (compared to pure Mg) varied from 9.9% for DH to 24% for SHB. The dynamic strength of the samples was improved (with respect to pure Mg) by 73%, 116%, and 141% for the specimens compacted by Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. The improvement in strength was believed to be due to strengthening mechanisms, friction, adiabatic heating, and shock waves.     

叠层太阳能电池研究进展和发展趋势

叠层太阳能电池结构可以拓宽吸收光谱,最大限度地将光能变成电能,提高了太阳能电池的能量转换效率,这类太阳能电池是目前研究的热点.本文集中介绍了非晶硅叠层太阳能电池、多元化合物叠层太阳能电池和染料敏化叠层太阳能电池的研究现状,对它们的结构、性能指标和效率等做了介绍和评估,指出了各自的优缺点,分析了阻碍叠层太阳能电池进一步发展和应用的制约因素主要有两个:很难找到两种晶格匹配良好的半导体晶体;对环境友好,价格合理,来源丰富的太阳能电池材料很稀少.非晶硅系叠层太阳能电池对材料纯度要求较高,价格贵;化合物太阳能电池虽然转换效率高,但是电池材料对环境造成污染;而染料敏化叠层太阳能电池制作工艺简单,电池材料来源丰富,必将是今后发展的趋势.     

晶体硅太阳电池的氮化硅表面钝化研究

为了提高晶体硅太阳电池的光电转换效率，研究了用等离子增强化学气相沉积（PECVD）的SiNx：H作为晶体硅太阳电池的表面钝化及减反射膜对电池性能的影响，并采用不同的工艺路线制备了不同类型的电池。实验发现：同SiNx：H比较，SiNx:H/SiO2双层光学减反射结构对晶体硅太阳电池能起到更加有效的表面钝化作用，提高了太阳电池的光电转换效率。基于界面物理，提出了一种新的能带模型，解释了用不同实验方法制作的晶体硅太阳池性能的差异。     

等离子体太阳电池的研究进展

 高效太阳电池是近年太阳电池产业发展的目标,等离子体太阳电池技术则是近年来研究的比较活跃的高效太阳电池技术之一。该文对等离子体太阳电池,从原理,材料到技术的最新研究进展做了比较全面的论述。等离子体太阳电池主要是利用贵金属纳米颗粒的表面等离子体效应增强太阳电池的光吸收。该技术既可以用在传统的硅电池上也可以用在薄膜电池上,尤其适用于作为薄膜电池的陷光结构,并且易于和传统的电池制造工艺相结合,有实现商业化的潜力。     

CuInS2薄膜太阳能电池发展现状

CuInS2是一种最具前景的太阳能电池光吸收材料。介绍了CuInS2(CIS)太阳能电池的研究和发展现状,以及一种低成本的CIS薄膜太阳能电池产业化技术。展望了CIS薄膜太阳能电池在我国的发展前景。     

前瞻晶体硅太阳能电池未来产业化——高效N型背结前接触和背结背接触晶体硅太阳能电池

文章综述了N型背结背接触和背结前接触晶体硅太阳能电池的研究和产业化的最新进展.从原理上阐述了N型背结背接触电池高效率的原因.从研究的角度,综述和点评了国际上几个研究小组在N型背结前接触晶体硅电池方面的研究工作.论述了丝网印刷Al烧结法制备N型背结背接触电池方面的研究进展.     

CdS／CdTe异质结太阳电池极限效率的计算

讨论了Cds／CdTe异质结的电流电压特性，研究了Cds／CdTe太阳电池在AMl．5太阳光谱辐射下的转换效率，给出了不计所有损失的理想极限情况下，其电池转换效率可达27％。同时讨论了考虑部分材料参数影响的条件下，实际CdS／CdTe太阳电池的转换效率，在所选定的参数下为23％，从近期实际制备的CdS／CdTe太阳电池的进展，以及较为合理的理论推论和分析来看，此效率将有可能达到。     

InP N^＋／P太阳电池光谱响应的数值模拟和分析

用数值模拟方法对ＩｎＰ Ｎ＾＋／Ｐ太阳电池在ＡＭ１．０下的光谱响应和光电流进行了计算和分析，探讨引起ＩｎＰ太阳电池光谱特性曲线变化的原因，从而获得Ｎ＾＋区和Ｐ区的最佳掺杂浓度，厚度，表面复合速度等参数，为设计制造ＩｎＰ太阳电池提供参考数据。     

染料敏华太阳能电池的研究进展与趋势

对染料敏化太阳能电池（DSC）的结构原理进行了详细的概述．着重对DSC中的纳米半导体薄膜材料、敏化剂、电解质、对电极等几个方面的现状与发展趋势进行了评述,并对DSC遇到的挑战与应用前景进行了展望．     

多结叠层太阳电池中隧穿结的性能优化

提高太阳电池的转换效率是人类利用和发展太阳能技术的主要追求目标,目前有望大幅度提高转换效率的一个最直接手段就是采用多结叠层太阳电池.开发研制电学和光学损耗极小的隧穿结,是提高多结叠层太阳电池性能的有效途径.从材料、掺杂剂和掺杂浓度的选择以及结构的优化等诸多方面,阐述了改善隧穿结性能的理论方法和技术措施.对优化隧穿结的沉...     

日照强度和内部电阻对太阳能电池光伏性能的影响

在分析太阳能电池等效直流电路的基础上,利用电流-电压特性的函数关系式,建立了太阳能电池的仿真模型,研究了日照强度和内部电阻对电池伏安特性和光伏性能（如短路电流、开路电压、填充因子、输出功率和光电转换效率）的影响.研究结果表明：日照强度和内部串联电阻不仅明显影响了太阳能电池的伏安特性、短路电流和开路电压,而且也明显影响了太阳能电池的输出功率、填充因子和光电转换效率,同时太阳能电池的输出特性具有明显的非线性特征,并且存在一个最大的输出功率点和一个最佳的负载电阻值.