Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.

     

Groundwater circulation relative to water quality and vegetation in an arid transitional zone linking oasis, desert and river

In groundwater-dependent ecosystems, groundwater circulation controls the overall water quality and ecosystem dynamics. Groundwater and vegetation across a 30-km groundwater transect linking oasis, desert and river in an extremely arid area were investigated with a series of soil profiles drilled into the unsaturated zone to understand groundwater circulation and its control on groundwater quality and surface vegetation in the extremely arid Lower Tarim River, NW China. Measurements have included water-table depth, water chemistry and water isotopes (2H, 18O, 3H) for 15 water samples, soil moisture and chloride content for 11 soil profiles, and vegetation investigation. Results show that the groundwater in desert zone is characterized by slow recharge rate (pre-modern water), great water-table depth (6.17-9.43 m) and high salinity (15.32-26.50 g/L), while that in oasis (uncultivated land) and riparian zone is characterized by relatively fast recharge rate (modern water), small groundwater-table depth (3.56-8.36 m) and low salinity (1.25-1.95 g/L). Stable isotopes show that secondary evaporation takes place during irrigation in oasis. The vegetation characteristics (coverage, richness, evenness and number of plants) are closely related to soil moisture and water-table depth. Groundwater recharge from irrigation in oasis and from river in riparian zone sustains a better ecosystem than that in the desert area, where lateral and vertical groundwater recharge is limited. The more evapotranspirative enrichment may occur in the vegetated and water-rich riparian zone as compared to desert. This study also demonstrates the effectiveness of environmental tracers in studying ecohydrological processes in arid regions.     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林植物水分传输观测试验研究

荒漠河岸林是长期适应干旱区内陆河流域环境的产物,具有独特的水分利用和生存策略.对黑河下游胡杨、柽柳等主要荒漠河岸林植物液流、水势、木质部导水率、根系水分再分配以及植物水分来源等的测试分析表明,在降水稀少、蒸发强烈的黑河下游,胡杨、柽柳主要利用的是深层土壤水和地下水,其中成熟胡杨主要吸收地下175~325cm处土壤水和地下水供其蒸腾和生存所需;胡杨根系水力提升过程主要发生在10~70cm土层,蒸散导致的土壤耗水量中有10%来自根系提升的水量;植物根和枝条木质部的初始导水率(K_(s0))和最大导水率(K_(s,max))相对较高,其中柽柳木质部的潜在导水能力比胡杨强;胡杨、柽柳液流速度呈单峰型,在午后达到峰值,黎明前水势无显著变化,反映未受到严重水分胁迫;黑河下游河道附近的地下水埋深大多在4m以内,基本可以满足荒漠河岸林植物的生长发育,黑河下游荒漠河岸林生态系统处于稳定和发展状态.     

Response of the accumulation of proline in the bodies of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus euphratica</Emphasis> to the change of groundwater level at the lower reaches of Tarim River

The content of proline in the plant bodies is closely related to the converse-succession-resistant capability of plants. Under the drought stress, the proline accumulates rapidly in the plant bodies for maintaining a certain mois-ture content and an expanding-pressure momentum in cells through the osmoregulation, thus the drought-resis- tant capability and the converse-succession-resistant ca-pability of plants are increased[1,2]. Many researches on the relationship between the proline and the…     

干旱区退化河岸植被恢复研究进展

干旱区河岸植被对保护种质资源、稳定河岸、调节微气候和美化环境、提供人类活动场所均有重要的潜在和现实价值。研究认为河道断流,自然环境的脆弱,人类活动对植被的直接和间接破坏导致干旱区河岸植被退化。进行植被重建、应急输水、自然恢复过程中减少人类干扰是恢复退化植被的主要方法。本文以生态学和水文学为基本理论框架,利用3S技术和评价模型,研究纵向、横向、垂直与时间4维的大尺度河岸植被稳定与河岸生态系统稳定及关系,提出退化植被恢复技术。     

Review of several problems on the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones

Ecosystem degradation is a common and cardinal environmental problem in arid zones. The change in the eco-hydrological processes is the basic cause responsible for such a problem. The study on the eco-hydrological processes in arid zones has become a forefront and focus of the eco-environmental research. Recent studies on eco-hydrological processes in arid zones show that the primary vegetation pattern and its eco-hydrological effect are of the most stable state of the ecosystem in arid zones. Special water absorption ways of plants in arid zones and the hydraulic lift and reverse hydraulic lift functions of some plants are the key mechanisms to maintain the stability of the ecosystem in arid zones. In the case of water shortage, ensuring ecological water requirement and maintaining proper ecological ground- water table are the prerequisite to keep healthful operation of the ecosystem in arid zones. The paper reviews some advances in the study of eco-hydrological processes in arid zones. It puts forward the concepts of critical ecological water requirement, optimal ecological water requirement and saturated ecological water requirement, and discusses their determination methods. It also emphasizes that the studies on natural vegetation pattern and eco-hydrological effect, on plants with hydraulic lift function, on water sources for plant absorption, on ecological water requirement and ecological groundwater table for different plant species should be strengthened to determine the species composition and pattern suitable for the restoration and reestablishment of vegetation in different arid zones in China.     

若尔盖高原沼泽植被的演替方式与途径

若尔盖高原的沼泽是世界上最大的一片高原型泥炭沼泽.沼泽植物共95种,隶属67属,27科.沼泽植被类型共有25个群丛,隶属11个群系,1个植被型.重点研究了沼泽植被的演替方式与途径.沼泽水体沼泽化分为原生水体沼泽化与次生的排水沟与蓄水池再度沼泽化,沼泽的草甸化侧重研究沼泽经过开沟排水、翻耕、封育与泥炭开采迹地植被再生再植等措施,从而中生植物入侵,人工种植与再生再植获得成功.所以其演替过程都是以水分为前提条件.     

三峡库区嘉陵江岸生优势须根系植物根系对土壤抗冲性的增强效应研究

对三峡库区嘉陵江江岸植被的12种优势须根系草本植物进行了研究,考察了各种植物根系对土壤抗冲性的增强作用,并利用WinRHIZO根系分析系统对各种植物根系的形态学指标进行了分析.结果表明:12种须根系植物对土壤抗冲性均有显著的增强效应,不同植物种对于土壤抗冲性增强的贡献大小不同,贡献大小与根系特征密切相关.建立了各种植物对土壤抗冲性增强值与根系生物量及形态学指标之间的回归关系,推荐了几种适用于江岸稳定和水土保持控制的具有推广价值的高土壤固持能力的植物物种.     

多伦县蔡木山自然保护区植物区系组成特征

对地处农牧交错区典型地段的内蒙古多伦县蔡木山自然保护区植物属、种的区系特征进行了统计并与临地区进行的对比分析,结果表明：植物种类的多样性较高,本保护区范围内现共登记有维管植物77科256属502种。植物属的分布型特征表现出本地区植物区系的温带性质,在本保护区256属植物中,北温带分布属为82个,占总属数的32％,包括北温带与南温带间断分布,共计111属,占总属数的4％。区系地理成分较临近地区复杂且具有过渡性。保护区植物生活型特征表明本区多年生草本植物占绝对优势,表现出草原植物群落种类组成的特征,但由于本区有沙带的特殊景观,乔木和灌木种类较典型草原多,保护区中生以上水分生态类型的植物种比例较草原区高。     

清江水布垭库区植物资源现状及评价

清江水市垭库区植物共１８６科，８５５属，２９０１种，其中３７种为我国珍稀濒重重点保护植物，占全国重点保护植物的１０．１％，植物分布类型多样，温带成分占优势且起源古老，库区植被类型为５级，共有９个植被型，２１个群系，植被具有明显的垂直分布特点。     

Physiological response of natural plants to the change of groundwater level in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Based on the analysis of the three-year (2000-2002) monitoring data of the four times intermittent stream water conveyance to the lower reaches of Tarim River where the stream flow was dried up for more than 30 years and the measurement of PRO, SOD and POD in plants collected from 24 vegetation plots, it is concluded that the stream water conveyance plays an important role in lifting groundwater level. The groundwater nearby the watercourse was raised from 5～8 m in depth before the stream water conveyance to 2.5～5 m after stream water conveyance. The physiological response of Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica to the change of groundwater is sensitive and represents a grads change obviously. The growth of the plants in the lower reaches of Tarim River is stressed by drought to various degrees. Lengthways, the drought stress exposed to the plants increases with groundwater depth from the upper sections to the lower sections; and breadthwise, the drought stress exposed to the plants is increased with the increase of distance away from the river channel of stream intermittent water releases and of the groundwater depth. Combining the field investigation and the analysis of the plots, it is considered that the stress groundwater depths for the Phragmites communis, Tamarix spp. And Populus euphratica are 3.5 m, 5 m and 4.5 m respectively.     

热带亚热带喀斯特森林树种的水分生理研究进展

热带亚热带喀斯特地区具有丰富且独特的自然资源,是我国重要的生态功能区,但也面临严重的石漠化问题。水分是影响该地区天然林结构功能和石漠化植被修复的关键环境因素。基于树木水分生理的研究有助于深入地了解喀斯特树种干旱适应策略,可为气候变化背景下喀斯特地区森林(天然林和人工林)的可持续发展提供理论依据。本文从水分来源、木质部水力结构以及蒸腾耗水等方面总结了近年来该区域喀斯特天然林树种在水分适应策略方面的研究进展,发现典型喀斯特树种能够稳定地利用岩溶水,其蒸腾耗水量的季节动态较小,且其茎木质部的抗栓塞能力强,在极端干旱时期可通过脆弱性分割维持水力安全。另外,基于树木水分生理的研究还能够为石漠化生态恢复适宜树种的筛选和人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。部分抗性强、耗水少的珍贵用材树种兼顾生态和经济效益,可用于石漠化地区的植被修复。建议今后的研究结合控制实验平台,长期监测树种生长和水分动态变化,基于多重机制系统阐明喀斯特森林树种的生态适应策略。     

蔡木山自然保护区植被特征

对地处农牧交错区典型地段的内蒙古多伦县蔡木山自然保护区植被特征进行了描述 ,结果表明 :草原植被是本保护区的主要植被类型之一 :包括典型草原植被和草甸草原植被 .沙地植被是本保护区的另一重要植被类型 :包括 :沙地森林植被 (主要以山杨 ( Populusdavidiana)一白桦 ( Betula platyphylla)林和榆 ( Ulmusmacrocarpa)树疏林为主和零星分布的云杉林 ( Picea) ) ;沙地灌丛植被 ( (叉子圆柏 ( Sabina.vulgaris)灌丛 :山杏 ( Prunus sibirica)灌丛 :大果榆 ( U.macrocarpa)灌丛 :柳 ( Salix)灌丛 :沙地中生灌丛 ) ;沙地半灌木植被和沙地草本植被 .湿地植被 .包括 :草甸 (草原化草甸、草甸和沼泽化草甸 )和沼泽     

三峡水库水位消退过程岸滩土壤呼吸特征

为了研究三峡水库水位消退过程岸滩土壤呼吸及植被化护岸对土壤碳排放影响,以库区澎溪河段岸滩土壤为研究对象,利用Yaxin—1102便携式光合蒸腾仪系统对库区水退过程中岸滩土壤的呼吸速率进行了测定,并同时测定了土壤呼吸测点的土壤温度(土层深度0、5和10 cm)、土壤含水量、土壤有机碳和p H等土壤环境因子。结果表明:水位消退过程中岸滩近水层土壤呼吸速率表现出明显的时间变化,呈单峰曲线,2月份出现峰值;常年非淹水区土壤呼吸速率变动大于近水层,其峰值晚于近水层1个月。研究发现,长时间淹水可降低土壤呼吸强度即有利于岸滩土壤固持CO_2;但退水时间越长,岸滩土壤呼吸强度增加,接近或高于常年非淹没区。研究表明,岸滩现有植被在护岸同时是否亦能保持土壤碳的低水平排放亟待给予深入探讨。     

大洪山鸳鸯溪河漫滩植物多样性研究

以大洪山鸳鸯溪河漫滩为实验地点,采用样线法和随机样方调查法,开展不同水位点的河漫滩植物多样性的调查研究.研究结果表明:鸳鸯溪河岸带植物共有29科44属47种,其中草本植物30种,灌木6种,藤本植物5种,灌木或小乔木3种,乔木3种;离水越近的样地更多的物种是多年生草本,远离水的样地更多分布的物种是木本植物,1年生物种在2个样地中的分布无统计学意义上显著差异;鸳鸯溪河岸道分布有群丛类型16个,湿生类有2个,两栖耐受类有3个,陆生类有4个,灌木类有4个,乔木类有2个;2个样地多样性指数存在统计学意义上显著差异,离水越近的样地的物种数显著高于远离水的样地物种数.     

受损河岸生态系统生态修复材料的研究

我国城市段河道护岸多使用混凝土等人工建筑材料,其结果导致河岸植物群落丧失,破坏了河岸连接水生态系统和陆地生态系统的纽带作用,其生态作用越来越小.因此恢复重建受损河岸生态系统,需要研究适于河岸生态环境、生态作用好的生态修复材料.以恢复重建城市段受损河岸生态系统为目的,研究了作为受损河岸生态修复材料--芦苇幼苗的快速繁殖技术.结果表明:芦苇秆粗细对芦苇秆的发芽没有显著影响,因此在选取芦苇秆时,尽可能选择休眠芽多的芦苇秆,并且选用细芦苇秆,以便于运输;散状、捆状条件下,芦苇秆的发芽有显著差异,捆状芦苇秆要比散状更易发芽,可培育出优良的芦苇幼苗,因此最好将数个芦苇秆捆成一束浸泡发芽.本研究得出的技术方法,可以减少对芦苇原生地的破坏,并且能够快速、大量繁殖芦苇幼苗,为成功开发植物相容型混凝土河岸生态修复材料奠定了重要基础.     

不同地下水位条件下骆驼刺水分和光合生理特性

2006年8-10月对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲——荒漠过渡带不同地下水位（15m、11m和6m）条件下骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifoliaShap.）的水势（ψ）、光合速率（An）、蒸腾速率（E）进行了测定,分析了骆驼刺生理指标的变化特点。结果表明,不同地下水位条件下：（1）骆驼刺在研究期间均未出现明显的水分亏缺。清晨水势（ψp）的季节变化幅度不大,正午水势（ψm）随着生长期末的到来缓慢增加,水势的日变化幅度较大;（2）光合速率（An）日变化的形态不同,且达到峰值的时间不尽一致;（3）骆驼刺均有较高的蒸腾速率（E）,同光合速率有相似的变化趋势。因此,塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带不同地下水位下骆驼刺水分和光合生理特性并没有表现出明显差异,表明骆驼刺可以在过渡带不同地下水位处生长。研究为策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带骆驼刺植被自然或半自然恢复提供一定的理论依据。     

中国东部城市森林阔叶树种叶绿素含量空间特征及其影响因素

选取中国东部样带9个城市27个公园,在生长季使用叶绿素仪（SPAD-502 Plus）测定了主要阔叶树种新叶与成熟叶的叶绿素相对含量（SPAD值）,探究了城市阔叶树种叶片叶绿素相对含量空间特征及其影响因素．结果表明:中国东部城市阔叶树种成熟叶SPAD值显著高于新叶,常绿阔叶树种叶片SPAD值显著高于落叶阔叶树种．中国东部城市阔叶树种新叶和成熟叶的叶绿素相对含量均随纬度降低而升高,主要是由树种组成（以常绿树种比例为指标）变化导致的．本研究相关结果增进了对城市环境中阔叶树种叶片属性大尺度空间规律的认识．