Assessment of water-recharging based on ecological features of riparian forest in the lower reaches of Tarim River

The occurrence and development of riparian forests which are mainly dominated by mesophytes species relate closely with surface water. Since there is no water discharge to the lower reaches of Tarim River in past 5 decade years, the riparian forests degrade severely. Based on the analyses of the monitored data of Yingsu, Argan and Luobuzhuang in 2002 and 2003, the effect of water-recharging is discussed. The water-recharging project neglects the fact that that it is flooding that controls the process of Populus euphratica colonizing on the bare surface, but focuses on groundwater influence on vegetation. The flooding control deviates Inherent laws of riparian forests development, so the natural regeneration of riparian forests is checked. The response scope of riparian plants on groundwater uplift is extremely narrow, and most riparian communities have not been optimized. No seedlings of dominant species are found in flooding areas because their physio-ecological characteristics are ignored. The vegetation changes in vicinities of stream only reflect the demand of mesophytes species on the shallow groundwater, however, the water-recharging fails to provide suitable habitats for the seedlings establishment of riparian plants. The present water-recharging scheme is difficult to realize vegetation restoration.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River,Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica oliv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Analysis on water potential of Populus euphratica oliv and its meaning in the lower reaches of Tarim River, Xinjiang

Combined with materials measured on leaves water potential of Populus euphratica ofiv in the process of ecological water delivery in the lower reaches of Tarim River, the influence of ground-water depths and soil salinity on leaves water potential of P. euphratica was analyzed. We found that there was evident negative correlation between the leaves water potential of P. euphratica and ground-water depths. The deeper the ground-water depths were, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress P. euphratica suffered from. Besides, there was evident negative correlation between the soil salinity and the leaves water potential of P. euphratica. The bigger the soil salinity was, the lower the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was, the more serious drought stress was indicated from which P. euphratica suffered. For sections rather distant for Daxihaizi Reservoir as well as for those places of wells rather distant from the river course, ground-water depths and the soil salinity were high; the leaves water potential of P. euphratica was low. The leaves water potential of P. euphratica can reflect the degree at which P. euphratica suffers from drought and salt stress, and has an important reference meaning in analyzing proper ground-water depths for the survival and growth of P. euphratic in the lower reaches of Tarim River.     

Effects of water treatments on the activation of soil seed banks - A case study on the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Evaluation of seedling emergence is a common method used to investigate the vegetation restoration potential of soil seed banks. Previous studies have primarily been conducted in the laboratory using a single water treatment. However, when this method is used, it is difficult to optimize the water conditions for the needs of the individual species of seeds. Additionally, the germination conditions for seedlings in the laboratory are different from those in nature. To avoid these issues, we conducted experiments to activate soil seed banks in the field using different water treatments. The results revealed that: (1) generally, the number of species and quantity of seedlings decrease gradually as the water supply decreases, but that for several species most seedlings did not appear when they were provided with the greatest amount of water, and (2) different species present different germination characteristics. According to the rate of seedling emergence, the species were classified into two germination types: fast and slow. In addition, each species also had a unique climax period of emergence, which was delayed with a decrease in water supply. Therefore, the amount of water provided is vital to seedling emergence, and various water treatments should be evaluated when studying the characteristics of different species in soil seed banks. For the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the optimal soil moisture for seedling emergence ranged from 23% to 28%, and seedling conservation should be strengthened during the climax period of emergence (9-15 days from the day when water became available). These results highlight the importance of the use of an optimal water treatment and demonstrate the danger of using a single treatment method. Our results also emphasize the need for a preliminary study prior to conducting studies to evaluate seed banks.     

Physiological response of Tamarix ramosissima under water stress along the lower reaches of Tarim River

Tarim River within the boundaries of Xinjiang is the longest inland river in China and its overall length is 2300 km (the main stream is 1321 km). Because of the increasing population in the region and large-scale ex- ploitation of water and soil resource…     

长江中下游的河床纵剖面演变分析及预测

为预测长江中下游河床纵剖面的演变趋势,利用最小能耗率理论计算了该江段的平衡河床纵剖面,研究了这些河段河床演变规律及其未来的变化。分析了长江水库拦沙、河道采砂、近期水沙变化、未来引水及需水量增长等因素。结果表明,长江中下游河床纵剖面还未达到动态平衡,大部分江段以淤积为主。在没有人类活动影响下,达到动态平衡还需要很长一段时间。由于引水和需水量的增长,未来长江中下游达到动态平衡需要淤积更多的泥沙。     

雅鲁藏布江中下游地区湿季降雨量的空间分布模型

对于水文气象站点稀少的青藏高原山区,获得较为精确的降雨空间分布信息是进行降雨径流模拟的前提。该文利用GIS手段和多元回归方法,建立了雅鲁藏布江中下游地区旱、偏旱、正常、偏涝、涝等5种类型年份的湿季(5—9月)降雨量的空间分布模型。结果显示:多种地理地形因子对湿季降雨空间分布均有重要影响。统计分析表明:(1)雅鲁藏布江中下游流域地形复杂、降雨站点稀少,回归分析中的地理、地形因子共线性问题突出,方差扩大因子法、Pear-son相关系数法和因子分析法的组合应用是识别和解决共线性问题的有效方法;(2)影响湿季降雨的局部地形因子表达存在着最优空间尺度,15—25km半径范围内的平均坡度、平均坡向、开放度值与降雨也有较高相关性,但考虑其他局部地形因子后,开放度对降雨空间分布的影响可以忽略。     

盐旱胁迫对塔里木河下游三种植物幼苗根系解剖结构的影响

文章以塔里木河下游荒漠环境中三种豆科植物的幼苗为研究对象,观测盐旱胁迫对铃铛刺、疏叶骆驼刺、胀果甘草生长的影响,并采用石蜡切片法观察了盐旱胁迫后幼苗根解剖结构的变化。结果表明：盐旱胁迫下3种豆科植物的株高呈递减变化,根解剖结构中皮层厚度变薄、维管柱变厚。综合评价3种豆科植物的耐盐抗旱能力：甘草＞铃铛刺＞骆驼刺。作为塔里木下游荒漠植物优势种,可为塔里木河下游生态恢复植物耐盐抗旱能力的研究提供理论基础。     

Large-scale atmospheric singularities and summer long-cycle droughts-floods abrupt alternation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River

The summer droughts and floods in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (MLYRV) have often been one of the basic contents of the pre- cipitation forecasting during the flooding period in China. Lots of studies suggest that summer rainfa…     

黑河中上游草原蝗虫生态分布与生境的关系

以黑河中上游天然草地为例,采用野外调查和定量分析方法,研究了不同草地蝗虫组成、生态种组分布及其与生境的相关关系.结果表明:黑河中上游天然草地的地形、气候条件和土壤、植被组成具有明显异质性;连续4年野外采集蝗虫38种,隶属于3科11属,32个多布种蝗虫在相关性系数0.50处,聚为8个生态种组.蝗虫具有极为广泛的生态适应性,同时草原区的生境决定着蝗虫的地理分布格局,研究区蝗虫主要分布在海拔2000～3000 m的祁连山地.温度因子是蜱虫种属组成的促进因子,其他因子为抑制因子;温度与降水量是蝗虫密度的促进因子;极端最低温与蝗虫种属组成存在极显著关系,与蝗虫密度存在显著关系.     

塔里木河下游生态输水对当地经济影响实证研究

文章采用随机抽样问卷调查、入户访问和统计资料相结合方法,塔里木河对下游输水后农牧民经济收入和当地经济变化进行研究。调查结果表明：90％以上的被调查者赞同生态输水带来了明显的经济利益,至少76％的农户家庭收入在输水后得到不同程度的增加,农牧民家庭收入增加更显著。随着输水后放牧数量增加193％,平均家庭收入相应增加了近2倍,人均收入提高了181％;96％的居民认为地方经济发展与生态输水有关。输水后两团场农林牧渔业生产年平均产值提高了141％,实际播种面积也增加18％。问卷调查的民意结果充分说明生态输水在改善生态环境的同时,给当地农牧民带来了可观的经济收入,并在一定程度上促进了当地经济的发展,突现出塔里木河下游生态输水的社会经济效益。     

黑河下游荒漠河岸林植物水分传输观测试验研究

荒漠河岸林是长期适应干旱区内陆河流域环境的产物,具有独特的水分利用和生存策略.对黑河下游胡杨、柽柳等主要荒漠河岸林植物液流、水势、木质部导水率、根系水分再分配以及植物水分来源等的测试分析表明,在降水稀少、蒸发强烈的黑河下游,胡杨、柽柳主要利用的是深层土壤水和地下水,其中成熟胡杨主要吸收地下175~325cm处土壤水和地下水供其蒸腾和生存所需;胡杨根系水力提升过程主要发生在10~70cm土层,蒸散导致的土壤耗水量中有10%来自根系提升的水量;植物根和枝条木质部的初始导水率(K_(s0))和最大导水率(K_(s,max))相对较高,其中柽柳木质部的潜在导水能力比胡杨强;胡杨、柽柳液流速度呈单峰型,在午后达到峰值,黎明前水势无显著变化,反映未受到严重水分胁迫;黑河下游河道附近的地下水埋深大多在4m以内,基本可以满足荒漠河岸林植物的生长发育,黑河下游荒漠河岸林生态系统处于稳定和发展状态.     

Analysis on river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yantze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landform, large mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River. Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the causes for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation. Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50099620) Biography: ZHONG Xiang-hao (1942-), male, researcher, research direction: mountain environment and ecology.     

岷江上游干旱河谷-山地森林交错带植被退化机制分析

岷江上游是典型的以干旱河谷为基带的山地生态系统,其脆弱的生态环境严重阻碍了当地社会经济的发展,鉴于此,本文选取岷江上游的理县熊耳山山地森林-干旱河谷交错带为研究区,研究其上的植被退化特征,并以此次本底调查资料为基础,探索研究区生态系统退化的机制,在此基础上提出研究区生态恢复与重建的一些措施,以期能为完善交错带生态演替过程理论和山地森林-干旱河谷交错带植被恢复及复合生态系统管理提供理论依据.     

Daily variation of carbon flux in soils of Populus euphratica forests in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River

In order to lucubrate the daily variation of respiration in soils of Populus euphratica forests and analyze its relationship with environmental factors in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, the LI-8100 instrument of soil CO2 flux system was used to measure the parameters of soil carbon flux and air temperature 10 cm above ground surface along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, and the relationships between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content were analyzed. The nonlinear regression analysis was carried out with the software SPSS13.0. We observed that: (1) soil respiration began to be restrained when the air temperature was up to 30℃ 10 cm above the ground surface; (2) the rates of soil respiration under the forests of Populus euphratica were significantly different at various moisture contents, the soil carbon flux was high along the Usyman profile,which has a high soil moisture content, and it was low along the profiles of Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, which has a low soil moisture content; (3) the exponential model can be used to explain the relationship between soil respiration and air temperature 10 cm above the ground surface. The average Q10 values along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday are 0.61, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.35 respectively, much lower than the average of the world; (4) there is a positive correlation between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content     

Daily variation of carbon flux in soils of Populus euphratica forests in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River

In order to lucubrate the daily variation of respiration in soils of Populus euphratica forests and analyze its relationship with environmental factors in the middle and lower reaches of the Tarim River, the LI-8100 instrument of soil CO2 flux system was used to measure the parameters of soil carbon flux and air temperature 10 cm above ground surface along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, and the relationships between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content were analyzed. The nonlinear regression analysis was carried out with the software SPSS13.0. We observed that: (1) soil respiration began to be restrained when the air temperature was up to 30℃10 cm above the ground surface; (2) the rates of soil respiration under the forests of Populus euphratica were significantly different at various moisture contents, the soil carbon flux was high along the Usyman profile, which has a high soil moisture content, and it was low along the profiles of Archy River, Yengisu and Karday, which has a low soil moisture content; (3) the exponential model can be used to explain the relationship between soil respiration and air temperature 10 cm above the ground surface. The average Q10 values along the profiles of Usyman, Archy River, Yengisu and Karday are 0. 61, 0.16, 0. 22 and 0. 35 respectively, much lower than the average of the world; (4) there is a positive correlation between the soil carbon flux and the soil moisture content.     

汾河上游流域生态安全的定量评价与动态分析

利用生态足迹和生态压力指数的理论与方法，对汾河上游流域1987年-2003年的生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈余亏损、生态压力指数进行了测算，并建立了生态压力指数测算模型以及生态足迹、生态承载力、生态盈余及生态安全度变化预测模型．测算结果表明：1）本地区生态承载力呈减少趋势；2）生态足迹均呈现增加趋势；3）1987-2007年生态压力指数从0．77增长为1．64，增长幅度为0．87，增长幅度较大；4）汾河上游流域已经超载，处于不安全状态。     

受损河岸生态系统修复研究进展

基于传统水利工程设计理念修建的河流护岸工程只考虑工程的耐久性及施工的方便性而使用混凝土或钢筋混凝土材料,忽略了河流的生态功能,从而破坏了河流的各种生态过程,导致河流污染严重,生态作用越来越小.分析了国内外关于受损河岸生态系统修复的研究现状及存在的问题,并提出了我国开展受损河岸生态系统修复研究需要解决的问题、应采取的研究方法.     

论清代沅水中游地区的移民

沅水中游地区在清代广泛接纳外来移民。促成移民大量迁入该地区的因素有垦荒运动、改土归流、驻军防苗和工商业发展等。这个时期的移民影响了沅水中游地区的社会发展。     

沱江下游不同年代渔获物的变化

比较分析了沱江下游不同年代的渔获物物种组成，20世纪60年代初期，沱江下游渔获物由52种组成，分别隶属于6目10科44属，70年代初由50种组成，分别隶属于4目7科36属；80年代初期，由20种组成分别隶属于2目3科18属，同时对渔获物的群数量，优势程度，常捕个体和最大个体大小的变化等也进行了研究，最后综合分析了渔获物产生显著差异的原因。