控制水稻剑叶形态相关性状的数量基因位点(QTL)的定位

水稻籽粒中一半以上的碳水化合物来自剑叶的光合作用，剑叶形态改良一直是水稻株型育种的一个重要目标．利用一个日本主要种植的粳稻品种越光（轮回亲本）和一个印度的籼稻品种Kasalath杂交产生的回交重组自交系群体（backcross recombinant inbred lines，BILs）对剑叶形态中的3个主要性状（剑叶长、叶宽以及其叶面积）进行了相关分析及其数量基因位点（quantitative trait loci，QTL）的定位．研究表明，控制剑叶形态的3个主要性状间存在极显著的正相关，并检测到影响3个性状的8个QTL，分布在第1，3，4，6条染色体上，贡献率介于4．94％～22．07％，其中第4染色体上C1016标记和第6染色体上C556标记附近的共有6个QTL，其两侧的紧密分子标记在水稻株型分子育种上具有一定应用价值．     

小麦蛋白质和淀粉品质性状的QTL分析

利用衍生自“川35050×山农483”组合包括131个系的RIL群体,对21个与蛋白质和淀粉相关的品质性状进行了QTL分析．共检测了19个性状的35个加性QTL,单个QTL可解释表型变异的7．99%—40．52％,这些QTL分布在1D,2A,2D,3B,3D,5A,6A,6B,6D和7B等10条染色体．30个QTL的加性效应值为正值,其增加效应来自亲本川35050;其余5个QTL为负值,其增加效应来自亲本山农483．获得了蛋白质性状的15个QTL,主要分布在1D,3B和6D染色体;检测到淀粉性状的20个QTL,主要分布在3D,6B和7B染色体;只有7个（20％）交叠QTL（co—location QTL）涉及蛋白质和淀粉性状两方面性状．蛋白质和淀粉性状的QTL有分布在不同染色体、不同区域的趋势．22个QTL簇集于5条染色体的6个区域．蛋白质性状的2个QTL簇（QTL cluster）位于1D和3B染色体,淀粉性状的3个QTL簇位于3D,6B和7B染色体,而涉及蛋白质和淀粉性状的1个QTL簇位于1D染色体．     

影响小麦加工品质数量性状位点的研究

以M5和M16为亲本构建的重组自交系为材料，对影响小麦加工品质性状的数量性状位点（QTL）进行了研究．检测了群体中籽粒硬度、蛋白质含量、SDS沉降值、拉伸面积等品质性状，它们在群体中呈近似正态的连续分布，为多基因控制的数量性状．利用43个SSR标记和42个AFLP标记构建了相关染色体的分子连锁图．在1A、5D、6D染色体上分别检测到与籽粒硬度相关的QTL各1个，其中位于染色体5D上的Xgwn190对表型变异的贡献率最大，达62．5％，为主效基因；在1B和6A染色体上分别检测到与蛋白质含量相关的QTL各1个，它们对表型变异的贡献率分别为13．2％和15．6％；在染色体1B和3B上分别检测到与SDS沉降值相关的QTL各1个，贡献率最大（10．2％）的一个QTL位于3B染色体上靠近E37M61—286的区域；在1A、3B、5D染色体上分别检测到与拉伸面积相关的QTL各1个，其中5D染色体上的Xgwn190对表型的贡献率最大，为11．5％．     

玉米穗部性状的QTL定位

以玉米自交系L26和095组配的Fz世代为定位群体,采用SSR分子标记技术构建了包括98个位点的连锁图谱,结合F2穗部性状的鉴定结果,利用复合区间作图法对秃尖长等8个穗部性状进行基因定位,共检出21个QTL.其中穗长检测到3个QTL;穗粗、穗行数分别检测到2个QTL;行粒数检测到3个QTL;轴粗检测到2个QTL;200粒质量检测到3个QTL;穗粒质量检测到6个QTL;秃尖长没有检测到QTL.检出的21个QTL中,有10个QTL的解释变异率超过了20%,表现为主效QTL效应.研究还发现,穗部性状QTL在玉米10条染色体上分布不均匀,且成簇分布.该试验中检测到的21个QTL中,有10个影响不同性状的QTL位于3个染色体区域.各个QTL位点上起增、减效作用的等位基因在亲本间分布不均匀.     

水稻耐淹性的QTL定位与候选基因分析

为研究水稻苗期对淹水胁迫的耐受性,以籼稻品种台中本地1号(TN1)和粳稻品种春江06(CJ06)为亲本构建的DH群体为实验材料,将淹水条件下的成苗率作为考察指标,利用该群体前期构建的分子连锁图谱对淹水数据进行数量性状基因座(quantitative trait loci,QTL)检测分析.利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术对淹水处理前后相关基因的表达量进行分析,并对表达量存在显著差异的基因进行测序分析.结果表明:挖掘到6个与淹水胁迫相关的QTL,分别位于水稻第1,2,6,8和9号染色体上;位于8号染色体QTL区间内的基因LOC_Os08g42750的表达在两亲本间存在显著差异,该基因在两亲本的编码区域存在4处差异.检测到的QTL位点对QTL精细定位和克隆耐淹相关基因具有重要参考价值,并为研究水稻耐淹分子机制及水稻直播育种提供了新的观点和见解.     

水稻苗期形态性状的QTL定位

采用苗期形态性状上有着明显差异的粳稻Asominori和籼稻IR24杂交产生的重组自交系（RILs）为材料,经营养液培养后,对水稻苗期形态相关的6个数量性状：最大根长（MRL）、苗高（SH）、根干重（RDW）、茎（叶）干重（SDW）、总重（TW）以及根/茎（叶）干重比（RSR）进行了数量性状位点（QTL）定位分析.结果共检测到影响6个形态性状的8个QTL位点,分别位于水稻的第2,4,10和11染色体上,其贡献率为9.79%～22.90%.并发现位于第4染色体上的控制根/茎（叶）干重比的qRSR-4和根干重的qRDW-4的2个位点以及位于第10染色体上的控制茎（叶）干重的qSDW-10和总重的qTW-10的2个位点分别位于同一分子标记区间.研究结果对水稻苗期形态性状QTL的精细定位及培育理想株型具有一定的应用价值.     

水稻抗条纹叶枯病分子标记在不同品种中的扩增比较

以感水稻条纹叶枯病品种＂日本晴＂、高抗品种＂kasalath＂以及14个目前在我国长三角地区水稻生产中被认为在抵抗条纹叶枯病方面具有较好效果的水稻品种为材料,分析比较了14对分子标记引物扩增16个水稻品种基因组获得的DNA产物.结果显示：在14对分子标记引物中,有8对在扩增感病品种＂日本晴＂和高抗品种＂Kasalath＂水稻基因组时可获得多态性条带.因此推断这8个标记可在以这两个品种为亲本的抗条纹叶枯病选育中使用;并且,本研究结果还将为利用本试验收集的14个水稻品种为亲本的分子标记辅助育种提供重要的背景信息.     

水稻萌发期耐Cu2+胁迫的QTL定位

以典型籼粳交(春江06/台中本地1号)双单倍体(DH)群体为材料,经100μmol/L CuSO4溶液对其双亲及DH群体进行处理,考察了DH群体及其双亲的耐铜性,并利用业已构建的分子连锁图谱进行了数量性状基因座(QTL)区间分析.共检测到23个QTLs,其中与铜胁迫有关的QTL有7个,分别位于水稻第1,2,3和7染色体上;贡献率最大的QTL为qTGR-2,变异解释率为14.60%,其增效等位基因来自台中本地1号;芽质量的QTL qTSW-1增效等位基因来自春江06;余下的几个耐铜胁迫的QTL增效基因均来自台中本地1号.同时,在3号染色体上检测到了一个QTL,可显示发芽率受铜胁迫抑制的程度.     

水稻杂种优势的遗传研究

采用双列杂交法分析水稻杂种优势．用杂交水稻研究中具有代表性的8个品种．按所有可能成对杂交，对配成的28个组合进行田间重复试验，评估产量及其构成因子等性状．结果表明．所考察6个农艺性状在各组合问总体平均数差异显著；6个农艺性状一般配合力方差和特殊配合力方差达到极显著水平，即表明所研究性状同时受加性效应和非加性效应控制；从8个亲本6个农艺性状的一般配合力效应值(gi)分析可得出．同一亲本不同性状其gi值不同．同一性状gi值在不同亲本间亦有很大差别；从28个组合的特殊配合力效应(Sij)可得出，特殊配合力在同一组合不同性状间以及同一性状不同组合间存在显著差异．一般配合力与特殊配合力在多数组合中表现一致．但也有例外，是由于双亲杂交具有很强的非加性效应所致．在产量构成要素中．单株实粒数表现为最高杂种优势，其次是有效穗数，而千粒重优势最小。     

白肋烟遗传连锁图的构建及黑胫病抗性QTL初步分析

利用白肋烟抗黑胫病品种B37（Burley37）和感黑胫病品种B67（Burley67）杂交的F1代以花药培养技术培养获得的双单倍体（DoubleHaploid,DH）遗传群体87个株系为作图群体,利用AFLP和SRAP分子标记技术,在群体中共获得135个多态性标记．以此为基础,利用Mapmaker／EXP作图软件,构建了一个含23个连锁群、99个标记的白肋烟遗传连锁图,该图谱总长为915．7cM,标记间的平均距离为9．2cM．同时利用两年田间试验调查分析了该群体各株系的黑胫病发病率和病情指数,利用WinQTLcart2．5软件扫描遗传连锁图,在4个连锁群上共检测到7个黑胫病抗性相关QTLs（QualitativeTrairLoci）,分别命名为TBS1一TBS7,单个QTL解释表型变异11．2％--20．0％．其中在C2和C5两个连锁群上出现了重复性稳定的QTL研究结果为精细定位抗病QTL以及通过分子标记辅助选择等方法选育黑胫病抗性强的烟草品种奠定了基础．     

QTL mapping of the root traits and their correlation analysis with drought resistance using DH lines from paddy and upland rice cross

A Double Haploid (DH) population, 116 plants, derived from the cross between Japonica upland rice IRAT109 and paddy rice Yuefu, planted in PVC pipe under upland ecosystem in 2001 and 2002, was used in this study. Seven root traits, including basal root thickness (BRT), total root number (RN), maximum root length (MRL), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), ratio of root fresh weight to shoot fresh weight (RFW/SFW) and ratio of root dry weight to shoot dry weight (RDW/SDW), were studied. Using index of drought resistance (IDR), the ratio of yield under upland ecosystem to yield under lowland ecosystem of DH lines, as the criteria of drought resistance, and correla-tion analysis between root traits and IDR, showed that BRT, MRL and RN were significantly correlated with IDR. High IDR lines had thicker BRT, longer MRL and less RN than low IDR lines. A molecular linkage map with 94 RFLP markers and 71 SSR markers covering 1535.1 cM was pro-duced. QTLs and G譋 interactions for BRT, RN, MRL, RFW, RDW, RFW/SFW and RDW/SDW were obtained based on the constructed molecular linkage map and soft-ware QTLmapper version 1.0. A total of 18 additive QTLs and 18 pairs of epistatic QTLs associated with root traits were detected. There were nine additive QTLs and two pairs of epistatic QTLs performed significant interactions with environment. Some QTLs with high general contribution and no G譋 interaction were obtained. Two pairs of epistatic QTLs mrl3 and mrl8, brt3 and brt11a controlling MRL and BRT had high general contributions of 21.51% and 13.03% respectively. An additive QTL and a pair of epistatic QTLs controlling RFW and RDW had high general contributions of 13.50% and 25.64% respectively. Marker assisted selec-tion (MAS) for rice drought resistance based on QTL with high general contribution, low G譋 interaction and tightly linkage with IDR were also discussed.     

Fine mapping of the awn gene on chromosome 4 in rice by association and linkage analyses

Awnness is a key trait in rice domestication, yet no studies have been conducted on fine mapping or association mapping of the rice awn gene. In this study, we investigated the awnness and genotype of a core collection of 303 cultivated rice varieties and a BC5F2 segregating population of 200 individuals. Combining association and linkage analyses, we mapped the awnness related genes to chromosome 4. Primary association analysis using 24 SSR markers revealed five loci significantly associated with awnness on chromosome 4. The associated markers cover previously identified regions. Fine association mapping was conducted using another 29 markers within a 4-Mb region, covering the associated marker in34, which is close to the awn gene Awn4.1. Seven associated markers were revealed, distributed over an 870-kb region. Combining the fine association mapping and linkage analysis of awnness in the 200 BC5F2 segregating population, we finally identified a 330-kb region as the candidate region for Awn4.1. The results indicate that combining association mapping and linkage mapping provides an efficient and precise approach to both genome-wide mapping and fine mapping of rice genes.     

Comparative mapping of rice root traits in seedlings grown in nutrient or non-nutrient solution

The component and amount of nutrient in the growth medium are the major factors affecting root growth.For the systematic dissection of root gene expression,evaluation of nutrient and non-nutrient solutions was conducted for their effect on root traits and quantitative trait loci(QTL)mapping.Three rice root parameters,maximum root length(MRL),root dry weight(RDW),and root/ shoot ratio of dry weight(RSR),were characterized within a double haploid(DH)population from a cross of ZYQ8(indica)and JX17(japonica).The value of the three root traits in two parents all decreased under the nutrient condition compared to those under the nonnutrient condition,of which RSR decreased up to 2.6-fold on average.In the DH population,more than 70 % lines in MRL,94 % lines in RDW,and all the lines in RSR were scored lower.In total,eight QTLs were identified in nutrient system(5 from JX17 alleles and 3 from ZYQ8 alleles)while five QTLs were detected in non-nutrient system(4 from JX17 alleles and 1 from ZYQ8 alleles).Of them,one QTL for RSR was shared by both culturing systems,seven QTLs were specific in nutrient system and the other four QTLs were specific in non-nutrient system.All 13 QTLs were distributed over 7 rice chromosomes-2,3,4,5,6,9 and 10,respectively.     

上海地区杂草稻与水稻籽实形态差异比较研究

近年来,随着稻田直播技术的推广,杂草稻对栽培稻的危害也越来越大,比较杂草稻与水稻籽实之间的形态差异,能够为进境检验检疫中杂草稻的鉴别提供技术参考.从上海郊区(县)稻田内采集了包括杂草稻和水稻的98份样品,定量地测定了这98份样品的籽粒长和粒宽、籽粒长宽比、小穗长、芒长及株高,并对籽粒的颜色进行了分级.基于以上数据,应用聚类分析,发现98份样品可以区别出3组,分别包括57、33和8份样品,结合落粒性、穗形、种皮颜色及成熟时间等性状,明确组1为杂草稻,组2为栽培稻组,组3为少量形态上介于杂草稻和栽培稻的样品.应用主成分分析和无度量多维标定这两种排序方法对98个样品进行分析,进一步展示了各样品间的形态差异特点.方差分析发现,上海地区的杂草稻在粒长、粒宽、粒长/宽和小穗长这4个指标均显著地大于水稻,但是两者在株高和芒长上没有显著差异.     

QTL analysis of flag leaf in barley （Hordeum vulgate L.） for morphological traits and chlorophyll content

To understand genetic patterns of the morphological and physiological traits in flag leaf of barley, a double haploid （DH） population derived from the parents Yerong and Franklin was used to determine quantitative trait loci （QTL） controlling length, width, length/width, and chlorophyll content of flag leaves. A total of 9 QTLs showing significantly additive effect were detected in 8 intervals on 5 chromosomes. The variation of individual QTL ranged from 1.9% to 20.2%. For chlorophyll content expressed as SPAD value, 4 QTLs were identified on chromosomes 2H, 3H and 6H; for leaf length and width, 2 QTLs located on chromosomes 5H and 7H, and 2 QTLs located on chromosome 5H were detected; and for length/width, I QTL was detected on chromosome 7H. The identification of these QTLs associated with the properties of flag leaf is useful for barley improvement in breeding programs.     

重要籼型杂交稻亲本“93-11”稻米食味品质的改良

以目前两系杂交稻大量应用的籼型水稻"93-11"和实验室已转化只含双份反义蜡质基因无抗性基因和报告基因纯合水稻"B3"为亲本,通过杂交和多次与"93-11"水稻回交以及分子标记辅助选择反义蜡质基因,将双份反义蜡质基因渗入到"93-11"水稻品种中,获得两种改良类型"93-11"水稻新材料.主要农艺性状考察、拷种以及糙米重量和体积分析显示,除了千粒重、糙米重量和体积,两种改良后水稻的株高、有效穗、每穗实粒数和结实率都与"93-11"对照水稻差异不显著(P0.05).两种改良后水稻蜡质糙米的直链淀粉含量(5.39%和5.01%)均比"93-11"对照(14.06%)极显著下降(P0.01);同时糙米胶稠度分别为93 mm和101 mm,与"93-11"对照(48 mm)比较也达到极显著差异水平(P0.01).研究为今后改良以"93-11"配组的两系杂交水稻食味品质奠定了重要基础.     

Dynamic analysis of QTL for plant height at different developmental stages in maize （Zea mays L.）

Plantheightisoneofimportantagronomictraitsinmaizebreeding.Inthepastfewyears,toincreasetheplantingdensityandpreventplantsfromlodging,studiesonthegeneticmechanismofplantheightweregivengreatattentionto.Sincethe1990s,molecularmarkershaveprovidedapowerfultooltostudythetraitofplantheightatthemolecularlevel[1—3].Butmostofresearchforplantheightonlyfocusedondataatmaturestage.Tillnow,about70genesorQTLshavebeenlocated[4].Moreover,somegeneshavebeenevencloned[5—7].Duringthevege-tativegrowthperiod,plant…