Prediction of Soil Erosion on Different Underlaying Surface in Construction Period of Xichang to Panzhihua Expressway

In order to investigate the behavior of soil erosion on the slope of the different underlaying surface during construction, the experiment with natural rainfall on Xichang-Panzhihua highway was conducted, to quantify the runoff and soil loss. The results show that. （1） the main type of soil erosion is gully erosion, the amount of soil erosion caused by gully erosion is higher than that by surface erosion. （2） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope of the embankment is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the embankment and rain intensity. （3） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the cutting slope is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the cutting slope and rain intensity. （4） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope of the dumped soil area is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the flat roof and rain intensity. There are well linear relationships between the amount of soil erosion and the principal factor, and their correlation coefficient are 0.935 7-0.999 8.     

Vegetation Spatial Heterogeneity of Different Soil Regions in Inner Mongolia, China

The vegetation spatial heterogeneity and ecological characteristics in different soil regions were analyzed by surveying the vegetation in 12 different soil regions of Inner Mongolia, China, including conifer- ous-broadleaf deciduous forests, shrub, grassland, and desert regions with 1122 large 2 cm × 2 cm quad- rats (actual size 30 km × 30 km, referred to as L-quadrat hereafter) in about 1.18 million km2. Each L- quadrat was divided into four small 1 cm × 1 cm quadrats (actual size 15 km × 15 km, S-quadrat). The vegetation was analyzed based on the beta-binomial distribution to describe the frequency of occurrence and spatial heterogeneity for each kind of vegetation. The weighted average of the heterogeneity of all vegeta- tion in the same soil region provides a measure of the soil regional landscape level heterogeneity which de- scribes the spatial complexity of the regional landscape composition of the existing vegetation. Comparison of the vegetation characteristics in the 12 soil regions shows that, the calcic gray soil has the highest average vegetation type per quadrat. The largest soil region is calcic chestnut soil and has the most vegetation types. Every soil region has its own dominant vegetation sequence which dominates in occurrence and dominant vegetation types which dominates in spatial heterogeneity. For the Inner Mongolian vegetation, the weighted average of the heterogeneity is 0.60 and the vegetation diversity index is 4.47.     

Assessment of soil erosion risk on area alongside a typical section of road in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region

Assessment of soil erosion risk on the area alongside a road not only provides important guidance to prevent and alleviate soil erosion, but also reflects a road built on soil erosion. The area alongside the road from Simao to Jinghong is chosen as the typical case; spatial analysis of GIS and BP neural network of artificial neural network are used as the methods; 5 factors of 3 aspects, such as topography, climate and land cover, are chosen to assess soil erosion risk on the area alongside a section of typical road. The results are that the area proportion of easier erosion land （the value of erosion risk is from 2.5 to 3.5） is relatively bigger; and the erosion risk of an area alongside the road in a certain distance is higher than an area far away from the road. It shows that the road has an effect on soil erosion of the area alongside it; the effect can be directly or indirectly caused by road construction; and the effect is reflected by the land cover change （including land use and vegetation status） caused by road construction.     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition （δ^13C） of total organic carbon （TOC） and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes, with the latter reported as weighted mean values. The two sets of δ^13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation. The spatial distribution of δ^13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes. This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing condi- tions for C4 plants. Furthermore, δ^13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ^13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant. Our data demonstrate that in eastern China, soil δ^13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation. This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good es- timated end members for the weighted mean δ^13C values of long-chain n-alkanes （C27, C29 and C31 n-alkanes） from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation, allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.     

Comparison of the carbon isotope composition of total organic carbon and long-chain n-alkanes from surface soils in eastern China and their significance

Surface soil samples collected over a high spatial resolution in eastern China were analyzed for carbon isotope composition(δ 13C) of total organic carbon(TOC) and higher plant-derived long-chain n-alkanes,with the latter reported as weighted mean values.The two sets of δ 13C values are significantly correlated and show similar trends in spatial variation.The spatial distribution of δ 13C shows less negative values in the mid-latitudes between 31°N and 40°N and more negative ones at higher and lower latitudes.This is consistent with previously reported carbon isotope data from surface soil phytoliths in the same region and suggests that the mid-latitude area provides relatively favorable growing conditions for C4 plants.Furthermore,δ 13C values of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes from 12 surface soil samples collected from a small grassland in north China displayed similar carbon isotope values and the difference between paired δ 13C of a soil samples remains relatively constant.Our data demonstrate that in eastern China,soil δ 13C composition of both TOC and long-chain n-alkanes is effective indicators of C3/C4 ratios of the prevailing vegetation.This work suggests that -22‰ and -32‰ are good estimated end members for the weighted mean δ 13C values of long-chain n-alkanes(C27,C29 and C31 n-alkanes) from soils under dominant C4 or C3 vegetation,allowing us to reconstruct paleovegetation trends.     

Soil microbial community diversity and driving mechanisms

To study the structure of soil microbial communities, DNA was extracted from different environmental soil samples, and 16S rDNA clone libraries were constructed. The diversity of these 16S libraries were analyzed with restriction fragment length polymorphism based on amplification ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (RFLP-ARDRA)method. The results reveal a high diversity of the soil microbial communities, and striking differences in community structure at different depths. In the surface soil environment, there is no dominant gene pattern, but in the subsurface samples some dominant gene patterns are much more common. With the increasing depth the preference dominance becomes more significant. A spatial isolation hypothesis is proposed to explain the different community structures at different soil depths. Microcosms are set to simulate competition between populations at different degrees of spatial isolation. These studies reveal that spatial isolation caused by low moisture affects the competitive interactions of the two populations. In the two-strain microcosm there is one dominant population at high moisture, and no dominance in very dry environments     

Estimation of crop water requirement based on principal component analysis and geographically weighted regression

In this study the principal component analysis (PCA) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) are combined to estimate the spatial distribution of water requirement of the winter wheat in North China while the effect of the macroand micro-topographic as well as the meteorological factors on the crop water requirement is taking into account. The spatial distribution characteristic of the water requirement of the winter wheat in North China and its formation are analyzed based on the spatial variation of the main affecting factors and the regression coefficients. The findings reveal that the collinearity can be effectively removed when PCA is applied to process all of the affecting factors. The regression coefficients of GWR displayed a strong variability in space, which can better explain the spatial differences of the effect of the affecting factors on the crop water requirement. The evaluation index of the proposed method in this study is more efficient than the widely used Kriging method. Besides, it could clearly show the effect of those affecting factors in different spatial locations on the crop water requirement and provide more detailed information on the region where those factors suddenly change. To sum up, it is of great reference significance for the estimation of the regional crop water requirement.     

Spatial patterns of ephemeral plants in Gurbantünggüt Desert

In the present research,the authors measured parameters of richness,cover and importance value of ephemeral and ephemeroid plants on south-north and east-west transects in the Gurbantünggüt Desert in early spring,and investigated and analyzed the microhabitats,such as terrain,geomorphology,soil physical-chemical properties and crusts. By comparison,the regional differences in the ephemeral distribution in the desert were revealed. The species of ephemeral plants in the south and center are the richest and those in the west are the poorest in the desert. The cover of ephemeral plants in the mid-south is higher than that in the north,and that in the mid-east is higher than that in the west. The response of ephemeral plants to the spatial variation of the desert habitat forms the population-habitat gradient of ephemeral plants. The characteristics are:(1) In the habitat with higher terrain,coarser textured soil with poorer sorting and correspondingly higher organic matter and lower alkali-saline contents,Carex physoides and Eremopyrum orientale are the dominant ephemeral plants;(2) In the dry habitat with lower terrain,looser textured soil,some organic matter,alkali-saline soil,and developed crust,the ephemeral plants Alyssum linifolium and Erodium oxyrrhynchum are of characteristic of drought and alkali-saline tolerance;(3) In the habitat with lower terrain,some water and more alkali-saline soil,the ephemeral plants Neotorularia torulosa and Hypecoum parviflorum being of alkali-saline tolerance are mainly developed. However,most ephemerals are distributed in a habitat order of higher terrain,some organic,and less alkali-saline soil on the above-mentioned ephemeral population-habitat gradient. The spatial gradient of variation in desert microhabitats is small,and as a whole,the physio-logical character of mesophytism is represented by the desert ephemerals.     

Research on barrier function and spatio-temporal heterogeneity of vegetation in southern LRGR

This article, taking MODIS-EVI as an index, analyzes the spatio-temporal distribution pattern of vegetation in the southern Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR） and explains its cause by ARCGIS and SPSS. The result shows that the regional difference of Enhanced Vegetation Index （EVI） is remarkable with apparent topographical effect, especially for longitudinal ranges. As to temporal heterogeneity, because of the existence of certain time difference of the monsoon air affecting the study area, in addition to the obvious regional difference in spatial distribution of EVI, this kind of regional difference is significantly correlated in location with macro-landforms, especially the case of Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain. As to spatial heterogeneity, by taking Ailao Moutain as a rough divide, because of the alternation of high mountains and gorges in the northwest of the study area, precipitation variance almost follows a sine curve from west to east with the mountain and gorge terrain, and hence EVI changes rapidly; while EVI changes insignificantly in the east of the study area because its terrain becomes rather gentle. The effect of longitudinal mountains on the reallocating of heat and moisture factors is the main cause for EVI regional difference. Especially, the effect of Ailao and Wuliang mountains on rainfall interception in rainy seasons and cold wave block in dry seasons is even more obvious. By counting statistical data of points at altitudes between 1400 and 1500 m in a cross-section, the annual mean precipitations in five sub-areas are 1244.67, 1081.44, 1111.41, 1033, and 807.11 mm respectively in rainy seasons, while the annual mean minimum temperatures are 7.93, 7.46, 7.28, 8.44, and 9.16℃ respectively in dry seasons.     

皖西大别山区土壤侵蚀空间分布特征及与地形的关系

基于修正的通用土壤流失方程和GIS空间分析方法,定量分析了皖西大别山区土壤侵蚀空间分布特征,讨论了侵蚀强度与海拔、坡度、坡向等因子的关系.基于信息熵模型评价地形因子与土壤侵蚀强度的空间相关性结果表明:(1)皖西大别山区2010年土壤侵蚀总量为1844.30×10~4t,平均侵蚀模数为1415.05t/km~2·a.区域以微度和轻度侵蚀为主,分别占总面积的52.95%和31.99%,侵蚀强度由东南至西北逐渐加剧.(2)坡度和海拔主导着区域内土壤侵蚀强度的空间分布.随着坡度和海拔增加,侵蚀强度不断加剧,强度侵蚀的面积比例增加,微度侵蚀的面积减少;在坡度15-25°区域、海拔200-500m区域的土壤侵蚀总量最大.坡向对土壤侵蚀强度的影响较小,土壤侵蚀强度在东南坡向较其它坡向略强.(3)地形因子与土壤侵蚀强度的空间相关性强弱为:坡度海拔坡向.坡度是安徽省大别山区土壤侵蚀强度的主导因子.     

应用RUSLE模型的长汀县水土流失风险空间分析

以修正的通用水土流失方程(RUSLE)为理论基础,以长汀县为研究区,利用地理信息系统(GIS)与遥感(RS)技术,在计算各影响因子的基础上估算水土流失,生成流失风险等级分布图.对水土流失的主要因素进行空间叠加分析,并将研究区水土流失风险综合评估结果与坡度、植被覆盖度及土地利用图层进行空间相关分析.结果表明:研究区水土流失中、高风险区分布仍较多,其中,河田、三洲、策武3乡镇形势最为严峻;水土流失风险呈现出一定的地域性特点,与植被覆盖度有严格的负相关关系,但与坡度并无严格的正相关关系.     

基于GIS与USLE的榆中县土壤侵蚀

在GIS与RS技术支持下应用USLE模型对位于黄土高原西部的榆中县进行土壤侵蚀强度的定量估算,探讨区域土壤侵蚀的空间变异性以及与坡度梯度和土地利用方式之间的关系.得出榆中县的年均侵蚀总量为813137t,年均侵蚀模数为247t/km~2,并且土壤侵蚀的空间变异性明显,年均侵蚀模数与年均侵蚀总量随坡度梯度的增加都呈指数增加.在分析不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀状况后发现,低覆盖度草地才是区域最主要的侵蚀地带.     

基于RS和GIS的土壤侵蚀量估算方法研究——以陕西省杏子沟流域为例

土壤侵蚀量的估算是土壤侵蚀研究的核心问题之一.本文以陕西省杏子沟流域为例,通过对影响土壤侵蚀地形、植被因子的研究,探讨了利用遥感技术和地理信息系统手段对土壤侵蚀量进行估算的方法和技术路线.在地形信息的获取方面,利用数字高程模型,派生出地形坡度、坡向、相对高度等要素;在植被覆盖度的提取中,采用遥感技术与非遥感手段,分析了植被类型对土壤覆被变化的指示作用.利用修正后的通用土壤侵蚀模式,模拟了小流域土壤侵蚀模数的空间差异,计算了土壤侵蚀总量,具有重要的理论意义和实践意义.     

基于空间自相关的县域尺度土壤侵蚀抽样方法研究

【目的】探讨不同空间抽样方法和插值方法对土壤侵蚀预测精度的影响,为县域土壤侵蚀快速评价提供技术支撑。【方法】以沂蒙山区蒙阴县为研究区,GF-1号和GF-6号卫星影像、1∶1万地形图等数据为基础数据源,基于空间自相关理论,采用不同的空间抽样方法和空间插值方法,对研究区土壤侵蚀状况进行快速抽样预测研究。【结果】①根据全局Moran’s I指数、Z score和平均图斑类型,选取400 m×400 m方格为抽样单元最优尺寸。②与空间随机抽样、空间系统抽样方法相比,空间分层抽样样本容量最少(150个,其他样本容量最均超过250个),抽样精度最高(96.69%),抽样效率最高。③空间分层抽样下,普通克里金法和协同克里金法的计算结果与栅格计算法差异较小,相对差异分别为8.25%和9.85%(另两种方法的相对误差大于25%),但在空间分布上,受坡度影响的协同克里金法土壤侵蚀强度分布更为详细。【结论】综合考虑抽样调查的精度和工作量,在沂蒙山区县域尺度开展土壤侵蚀调查工作时,可采用空间分层抽样和协同克里金法或普通克里金法的方法进行土壤侵蚀快速预测,从而为区域生态环境保护提供重要数据支撑。     

基于CSLE的淮河流域沂源县土壤侵蚀监测调查研究

沂源县位于淮河流域最北部,地处沂蒙山区,地形以山地为主,土壤侵蚀严重.笔者以GIS为工具,以RS为主要数据来源,利用中国土壤流失方程（CSLE）,对淮河流域沂源县的土壤侵蚀情况做出估算,得出沂源县土壤侵蚀总量及其分布规律,为今后的土壤侵蚀动态监测及水土保持工作提供依据.     

内蒙古农牧交错区土地利用/覆被变化及土壤侵蚀——以太仆寺旗为例

为了研究生态恢复政策对农牧交错带土地利用/覆被变化及土壤侵蚀的影响,本文以内蒙古农牧交错带太仆寺旗为例,基于RS和GIS技术,利用土地利用、坡度、植被覆盖度等信息,分析研究区土地利用类型的空间分布和迁移特征,并运用GIS软件的空间叠加分析功能,对太仆寺旗土壤水蚀强度进行评价.结果表明:1975—2007年,农业用地、林地和水域面积稍有下降,草地和建设用地面积增加,未利用土地面积变化不明显;与1975年相比,2007年各种土地类型在空间上集中连片分布,土地利用重心发生了明显迁移;研究区主要受到微度和轻度水蚀的影响,农业用地更易受到强度和极强度水蚀.     

基于RUSLE模型的喀斯特峰丛洼地土壤侵蚀及其养分流失评估

以中国南方典型喀斯特峰丛洼地为研究对象,基于GIS技术和RUSLE模型,对喀斯特峰丛洼地的土壤侵蚀空间变化特征进行了分析。探讨了峰丛洼地土壤侵蚀与土壤养分流失之间的关系,揭示了该地区不同土壤养分流失之间的空间变化差异。结果表明:2015年研究区土壤侵蚀总量为1 950.21×10~4 t·a~(-1),占研究区国土面积的76.75%。土壤侵蚀空间分布整体上呈现出南北两侧向西中部变化的条带状的空间分布特征。因土壤侵蚀引起的土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)等养分流失总量为57.76×10~4 t·a~(-1),其中SOC、TN、TP和TK的平均流失量分别为38.13、1.18、0.16和6.00 t·km~(-2)·a~(-1)。研究区土壤侵蚀的空间变化整体上是随侵蚀等级增加,侵蚀面积和侵蚀量逐渐减少而平均侵蚀模数增加的过程,土壤侵蚀的空间分布差异决定了土壤养分流失空间分布差异。     

黄土地貌区水力侵蚀敏感性分析：以山西省五寨县为例

在自然与人为因素的干扰下,黄土高原地区常年遭受较为严重的水力侵蚀。为了减缓水力侵蚀进程并避免对人类生命财产的损害,对其进行敏感性分析是具有重要意义的。本文从CSLE模型出发,以地貌单元作为评价单元,对降水侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、坡长坡度因子、生物/耕作措施因子以及工程措施因子分别进行正向化处理与熵值法确权叠加后建立了一个水力侵蚀敏感性评价模型,借助面积-高程积分对该模型进行评价后,利用该模型对研究区进行水力侵蚀敏感性分析。结果表明：(1)在区域尺度下,文中提出的水力侵蚀敏感性评价模型的评价因子为0.61,相对优于作为对比验证的CSLE模型,因此可以利用该模型对研究区进行水力侵蚀敏感性评价；(2)水力侵蚀敏感性值在不同地貌单元之间表现为：大起伏山地>洪积平原>黄土塬>黄土梁峁>中起伏山地>冲积洪积平原；(3)为了避免对人类生命财产造成损害,北部冲积洪积平原与中起伏山地相交地带、南部大起伏山地的清涟河流域应重点进行治理。该文提出的方法有效解决了黄土地貌区的水力侵蚀敏感性分析问题。     

GIS和RS在水土保持规划中的应用

本文在传统水土保持治理研究的基础上,探索应用GIS和RS技术对现有地图和卫星影像图的图像解译分析,提取影响水土流失的各类因子基础信息,建立图形和空间属性数据库,模拟研究区的水土流失地学模型,用数值定量反映土壤侵蚀强度及其空间分布,并利用其强大的空间分析功能,重新整合规划研究区的土地资源,为政府决策提供科学的理论依据.