10Be/7Be implies the contribution of stratosphere-troposphere transport to the winter-spring surface O3 variation observed on the Tibetan Plateau

10Be/7Be is a stratospheric sensitive tracer.In this paper,measurements of 10Be/7Be and surface O3 from October 2005 to May 2006 at Mt.Waliguan (hereafter WLG,100.898°E,39.287°N,3810 m,a.s.l.),China global atmospheric watch (GAW) observatory,are introduced and used to investigate the stratosphere-troposphere transport (STT) and its impact on surface O3 on the Tibetan Plateau.The results show that the magnitude of STT is weak in winter,followed by strengthening from the end of winter to the middle of spring (from mid February to mid April) with large increases in 10Be,7Be,10Be/7Be and surface O3.At the end of spring (from the end of April to mid May in this paper),the STT weakened,and the continuous increase of surface O3 at WLG is produced by tropospheric photochemistry reactions.     

龙凤山和瓦里关臭氧总量异常变化与天气过程关系研究

通过对黑龙江龙凤山和青海瓦里关Brewer 地基臭氧总量的长期观测资料以及与观测时段对应的全球 NCEP R1 系列位势高度再分析资料的统计分析发现, 龙凤山和瓦里关臭氧总量观测值有时存在剧烈的逐日变化, 对这种异常变化进行定量分析, 并对其与对流层天气过程的关系进行研究, 发现两者之间存在良好的对应关系。臭氧总量的异常变化大多数出现在11 月至次年5 月的冬、春季节, 并且臭氧总量的异常升高(第一类异值点)总是伴随着平流层低层(250~70 hPa)的槽线和地面(1000 hPa)的低压中心后方的天气形势, 而臭氧总量的异常降低(第二类异值点)则时常伴随平流层低层的脊线和地面的高压中心后方的天气形势, 这表明臭氧总量的异常变化可以作为地面天气系统转变的一个信号。     

Characteristics of U-pattern distribution of highconcentration ^210pb in surface air at central Guizhou, China

In recent thirty years, with deep-going studies of the problems of regional environmental quality and global climate change, 210Pb has been found to have wide appli-cations in tracing the aquatic sedimentation, catchment’s erosion and the path of atmospheric transfer. 222Rn pro-duced from decay of the U-Ra series in surface rocks and soils diffuses in the atmosphere and continues to decay into 210Pb. This part of the 210Pb, due to separation from its parent 226Ra, is generally referred to a…     

珠穆朗玛峰地区大气示踪剂Be-7的观测

2002年5-6月,分别在海拔4300m 的定日和5000m 的珠穆朗玛峰北坡采集了地面大气颗粒物,测量了颗粒物中Be-7的放射性活度浓度,Be-7浓度为0.76～1.7 mBq·m^{- 3},表明观测期间平流层的输送对地表高臭氧浓度的贡献不明显。     

Characteristics of U-pattern distribution of highconcentration <Superscript>210</Superscript>Pb in surface air at central Guizhou,China

A better understanding of the variation of ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the surface air is the key to trace lake sedimentation and catchment erosion, to establish and validate the global diffusion model of contaminants, and to assess the impact of natural radiation on the ecological system. Basing on the study progresses of the sedimentation, the atmospheric model and the unique environmental background in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, and starting from December 20, 2001, we made use of a 500 NE Type aerosol sampler to collect filter samples, once a week in the past consecutive two years, in the surface air at Mt. Guanfeng, Guiyang City, China. Synchronous detailed γ-energy spectrometric observations of ²¹⁰Pb concentrations at both Chinese and U.S. laboratories have shown that the average monthly ²¹⁰Pb concentration displays a regular U-patterns distribution of annual variations, with high values appearing in winter and low values in late spring and summer. The average annual ²¹⁰Pb concentrations are estimated to be 2.77±0.63 mBq/m³, about 4 times the average maximum concentrations reported from quite a number of monitoring stations throughout the world. The possible factors affecting the sources of ²¹⁰Pb in the surface air in the central part of Guizhou Province are: Release of ²²²Rn from the U-Ra series enriched in the soils; chemical weathering of carbonate rocks; the exploitation, processing and utilization of coal and phosphorous resources. The principal factor controlling the high ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the surface air in the central Guizhou and their annual U-pattern distribution is the release of ²²²Rn. The average monthly ²¹⁰Pb concentrations show a good negative powerfunction relationship with increasing precipitation and also show a good negative linear-function relationship with the rise of air temperature in month grouping. Group No.1 (June to November) reflects a relatively low release of ²²²Rn from soils in relatively high temperature seasons; Group No.2 (December to May) mirrors a relatively high release of ²²²Rn from soils in relatively low temperature seasons. The average monthly ²¹⁰Pb concentrations simulated in terms of the precipitation and air temperature are in good consistency with the measured values, revealing that the regular U-pattern distribution characteristics of ²¹⁰Pb concentrations in the surface air in the central Guizhou are controlled predominantly by regional precipitation and air temperature. Meanwhile, it is also indicated that the magnitude of variation of air temperature and precipitation within the same year also constrains the ratio of high values over low values of average monthly ²¹⁰Pb concentrations. On a month time scale, precipitation and air temperature are a main factor affecting the release of ²²²Rn from soils (rocks). In this aspect strong evidence has been obtained.     

Export and remineralization of POM in the Southern Ocean and the South China Sea estimated from ~(210)Po/~(210)Pb disequilibria

Disequilibria between 210Po and 210Pb in the upper water and their potential applications as a proxy of particle export and remineralization were examined in the Southern Ocean (station IV3) and the South China Sea (NS44). 210Po was deficit in surface waters but excessive relative to 210Pb in subsurface waters. Good positive correlation between 210Po and particulate organic carbon (POC) indicated deficits and excess of 210Po resulted from particulate organic matter (POM) export and remineralization respecti...     

广西乐业天坑群中苔藓的放射性核素分析

为探究广西喀斯特地貌对放射性核素分布及当地环境放射性的影响,利用高纯锗探测器对广西喀斯特地区的大曹天坑和邓家坨天坑采集来的苔藓样品中⁷Be、⁴⁰K、²³⁸U、²³²Th、²²⁶Ra、²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs的放射性比活度进行测量与分析。结果表明：在苔藓植物中, ⁷Be的放射性比活度为202.3-698.8 Bq/kg [平均值：(430.7±169.7) Bq/kg,n=7];⁴⁰K为33.7-159.9 Bq/kg [平均值：(91.6±44.1) Bq/kg, n=7];²³⁸U为检测限(3.0 Bq/kg)至54.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±23.6) Bq/kg,n=7];²³²Th为1.2-42.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(14.7±15.9) Bq/kg, n=7];²²⁶Ra为0.7-48.4 Bq/kg [平均值：(16.9±20.3) Bq/kg,n=7];²¹⁰Pb为284.1-950.5 Bq/kg [平均值：(555.5±231.0) Bq/kg, n=7]; ¹³⁷Cs为检测限(0.1 Bq/kg)至2.3 Bq/kg [平均值：(1.1±0.9) Bq/kg,n=7]。对比后发现所有测得的数据均在正常范围内,表明天坑这一喀斯特地貌对放射性核素的分布并没有显著影响,该地区也不存在其他污染来源,同时为我国南方喀斯特地区大气示踪提供数据支撑。     

Surface pollen and vegetation reconstruction from central and northern mountains of Taiwan

Surface pollen from various montane vegetations in Shalixian Mt.and Lepei Mt.of central and northern Taiwan have been explored and analyzed.The pollen data were used to simulate vegetation types by using the biomisation technique,Computing three matrixes of pollen taxa , plant functional types and combined biomes,vegetation types at each site have been finally defined through the fuzz selections of a tie-breaking rule.The results show that surface pollen data can simulate the subtropical Castanopsis and Cyclobalanopsis forests.alpine warm-temperate Quercus and Quercus-Pinus forests,and alpine temperate/cool-temperate conifers of Tsuge-Picea and Picea-Abies forests.Simulated elevations of the,forests are similar to actual locations of the forests.This study can add vertical surface pollen data for extending investigation of various vegetation types in China,provide PFT schemes and vegetation types in low-latitude and montane areas,and be applied as modern analogues for fossil pollen in order to reconstruct Quaternary vegetations.     

Surface ozone observations during voyages to the Arctic and Antarctic regions

Surface ozone concentration and UV-B data between 75° N and 70° S were obtained aboard the Chinese polar scientific vessel “Xue -long” (Snow-Dragon) during the first voyage to the Arctic and the 16th to the Antarctic in 1999–2000. Analysis of these data presents that variations of the surface ozone concentration have small amplitude during voyages except the mid-latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. As a whole, average surface ozone concentration in the Northern Hemisphere is higher than that in the Southern, and high value occurred when the ship sailed close to the continents. The average diurnal variations of the surface ozone in the Northern Hemisphere are also higher compared to the southern counterparts, and high diurnal variations were found at low latitudes, and relative low level in the polar region.     

Elemental composition of aerosols collected in the glacier area on Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau, during summer monsoon season

In order to investigate the elemental composition in atmospheric aerosols and its sources in the glacier area over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), seven totally suspended particle samples were collected continuously at the col of the Zhadang glacier (30°28′N,90°39′E,5800 m a.s.l.), Nyainqêntanglha Range, southern TP, from June to October 2006. Twenty-seven elements (Li, Be, B, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Fe, Mn, Zn, Ga, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Cd, Cs, Ba, Tl, Pb, Bi, Th, U) were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The result indicates that the concentrations of most elements (especially crustal elements) are lower than values at the Nam Co Station during the same period of 2005, and also much lower than other sites in the TP such as Wudaoliang and Waliguan. This suggests that elemental compositions of aerosols in the Zhadang glacier area may represent the background levels of the middle/upper troposphere over the TP. Crustal enrichment factors (EFs) reveal that several elements (e.g. B, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Bi) may have anthropogenic sources. The southern TP is mainly influenced by the summer Indian monsoon during the sampling period. Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggests that air masses in the region may originate from South Asia. Therefore, anthropogenic pollutants from South Asia may be transported by the summer Indian monsoon to the region which clearly affects the atmospheric environment in the southern TP during the summer monsoon season.     

铝(210)表面的LEED,AES研究

采用低能电子绕射(LEED)和俄歇电子能谱(AES)的方法,研究了铝(210)表面的弛豫和表面结构。按多童散射理论,使实验测得的和计算的LEED谱有较好的吻合。结果表明:铅(210)表面的弛豫仲展至表面五个原子层,且垂直于表面的驰豫较平行于表面的弛豫显著得多。最后用静电模型对这些结果进行了讨论。     

The input／removal rates of size-fractionated ^210Po in the Jiulongjiang estuary and its implications

O, S, Se, Te and Po are the elements of the VIB.210Po (T1/2=138.4 d, Ea=5.3044 MeV) has strong affinities to particles, especially particulate organic matter (POM), thus 210Po in seawater can be transported into the sediment by scavenging and removal, and the disequilibria between 210Po and 210Pb become a methodological base for the study of the particle dynamic processes in marine envi-ronments with the time scale of years to a centenary. The concentration, inventory and geochemical be…     

Microbial community structure in major habitats above 6000 m on Mount Everest

Bacterial abundance in surface snow between 6600 and 8000 m a.s.l. on the northern slope of Mt. Ev- erest was investigated by flow cytometry. Bacterial diversity in serac ice at 6000 m a.s.l., glacier melt- water at 6350 m, and surface snow at 6600 m a.s.l. was examined by constructing a 16S rRNA gene clone library. Bacterial abundance in snow was higher than that in the Antarctic but similar to other mountain regions in the world. Bacterial abundance in surface snow increased with altitude but showed no correlation with chemical parameters. Bacteria in the cryosphere on Mt. Everest were closely related to those isolated from soil, aquatic environments, plants, animals, humans and other frozen environ- ments. Bacterial community structures in major habitats above 6000 m were variable. The Cyto- phaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) group absolutely dominated in glacial meltwater, while β-Proteobacteria and the CFB group dominated in serac ice, and β-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated in surface snow. The remarkable differences among the habitats were most likely due to the bacterial post-deposition changes during acclimation processes.     

7Be示踪内蒙古阴山北麓开垦草原土壤风蚀的尝试性研究

以放射性核素7Be为研究手段,对内蒙古阴山北麓开垦草原区春季土壤中的放射性核素7Be含量的连续性动态变化规律及土壤剖面中7Be含量的垂直变化特征进行了尝试性研究.由于7Be主要随降雨到达地表,而研究区春季(3~6月)降水很少,使得该时间段的7Be沉降量很小,在土壤表层没有形成明显的分布规律,因此,7Be不能作为估算开垦草原土壤风蚀量的示踪剂.     

Elemental composition in surface snow from the ultra-high elevation area of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）

A total of 14 surface snow （0-10 cm） samples were collected along the climbing route （6500-8844 m a.s.h） on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma in May, 2005. Analysis of elemental concentrations in these samples showed that there are no clear trends for element variations with elevation due to redistribution of surface snow by strong winds during spring. In addition, local crustal aerosol inputs also have an influence on elemental composition of surface snow. Comparison between elemental concentration datasets of 2005 and 1997 indicated that data from 2005 were of higher quality. Elemental concentrations （especially for heavy metals） at Mt. Qomolangma are comparable with polar sites, and far lower than large cities. This indicates that anthropogenic activities and heavy metal pollution have little effect on the Mt. Qomolangma atmospheric environment, which can be representative of the background atmospheric environment.     

拉萨河谷设施农业区水环境重金属含量及污染评价

为了解拉萨河谷设施农业区水环境中重金属污染水平及程度,文章对拉萨河谷设施农业区地下水和地表水中17种重金属（Cd、Be、V、Tl、Hg、Cu、Pb、Co、Ni、Cr、Fe、Sb、Zn、Mn、Ba、Ti和As）含量进行研究,并采用综合污染指数法对地下水和地表水中7种重金属（Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb、Ni、Zn和As）的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,除A8点位的Zn含量符合《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）Ⅱ类标准外,拉萨河谷设施农业区其余各点位Cd、Pb、Cu、As和Zn含量均符合Ⅰ类水标准。Cr、Hg、As、Cu和Pb与pH存在显著或极显著相关性,说明pH对其有较大影响;不同重金属间有些存在相关性,说明它们之间可能具有一定的同源性。采用水体综合污染评价法表明,拉萨河谷设施农业区A1、A2和A7点位存在轻度污染,B1和B2点位为中度污染,且主要以Hg污染为主。     

上海某化工区土壤重金属污染情况的调查与评价

以上海某化工区周边土壤为研究对象, 研究了土壤重金属污染特征, 对土壤样品中Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Tl, Zn 和Hg 共13 种金属的空间分异结构进行了分析, 并利用单因子指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了土壤重金属的污染程度. 结果表明, 土壤样品中Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Se, Sb, Tl, Zn和Hg的平均含量分别为0.10, 10.20, 2.50, 0.60, 93.00, 78.00, 33.80, 14.90, 1.00, 3.45, 0.40, 124.00, 0.19 mg/kg. 以展览会用地A 级标准为评价标准, 土壤样品中Cu, Zn, Cd 的超标率较高, 分别占样品总数的12.20%, 8.16% 和8.16%; Cr, Ni, Sb, Hg的超标率在4.08%~6.12% 之间. 采用立体分层方式采集样品, 分析结果表明, 表层和中层土壤受到的金属污染比较严重, 但随着采样深度的增加, 土壤重金属浓度有不断降低的趋势. 对土壤重金属元素间的相关性进行了研究, 表明重金属污染来源具有同源性, 或者区域土壤中存在复合污染.     

A half century of radioisotope neutron sources in China

Near 50 years history of the development of radioisotope neutron sources in China is briefly reviewed. The structure design, preparing technology and production status of routine neutron sources including 210Po-Be sources, 210po mock fission sources, 241 Am-Be sources, 238pu-Be sources, 252Cf spontaneous fission sources and other special-shape neutron sources are summarized. In addition, the prospects of development on radioisotope neutron source in China are predicted from the needs of nuclear power construction, oil well-logging, neutron moisture gauge and neutron brachytherapy.     

辽河口盐沼湿地表层沉积物重金属污染评价

以辽河入海口典型盐沼湿地土壤为研究对象,采集6个区域内盐地碱蓬盐沼湿地和裸地中0~<10和10~ 20cm 深度的土壤样品,测定土壤中 As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Hg7种重金属的质量分数,揭示其空间分布规律并对其污染 风险进行评价. 结果表明,6个区域重金属 As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和 Zn的平均质量分数分别为12.23、0.33、62.25、24.29、 23.75和74.12mg·kg-1,Hg未检出. 在盐地碱蓬盐沼区域,表层土壤(0~<10cm 深度)As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和 Zn质量 分数的最高值都出现在远离河口一侧的样地 D;10~20cm 深度 As、Cd、Cu、Pb和 Zn质量分数的最高值都出现在远离 河口一侧的样地 E,而 Cr质量分数的最高值出现在远离河口一侧的样地 D. 在裸地区域,表层土壤 As、Cr、Cu、Pb和 Zn 质量分数的最高值都出现在远离河口一侧的样地 F,而 Cd质量分数的最高值出现在远离河口一侧的样地 D. 因此重金 属质量分数在整个研究区域的空间上呈现由河流向海方向增长的趋势. 运用地质累积指数法对7种重金属的污染进行 评价,整个研究区内重金属为低污染水平,污染程度由大到小依次为 Cd、As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Hg      

A≤10原子核快中子散射的光学模型分析

应用球形光学模型,系统地分析了~3He、~6Li、~7Li、~9Be和~10B的快中子散射资料。所用的光学势为包含了面吸收和自旋轨道耦合项的Woods-Saxon型势。取实部(氵弓尔)散参数和面吸收深度为入射能量的线性函数,结果表明实部(氵弓尔)散参数随入射能量增加而缓慢减少。所得结果与实验资料符合得较好。