低渗油藏体积压裂井压力特征分析

 体积压裂技术的发展正处于起步阶段,国内多个油田进行了大型水力压裂尝试,其中最典型的是长庆油田实施的分段多簇压裂技术。体积压裂渗流理论发展相比工艺具有滞后性,目前尚未有完善的用于现场指导的渗流理论体系。本研究以矿场体积压裂直井的微地震测试资料为依据,建立了可以描述其渗流规律的数学模型:首先将渗流过程分为油藏到主裂缝的流动和主裂缝内部流动;然后利用达西渗流理论描述主裂缝稳态渗流过程,利用源函数与叠加原理描述油藏渗流过程;最后在主裂缝壁面处进行油藏渗流与主裂缝渗流的耦合。经过数学求解后得到了该模型井底压力的特征曲线,并且分析了各种因素下该特征曲线的变化规律。对该数学模型和数值模型的结果进行比对,证实了该模型的准确性。     

低渗透油藏直井体积压裂产能评价新模型

体积压裂在低渗透油藏中应用广泛,产能评价是体积压裂优化设计的基础,对提高体积改造效果有重要意义。基于直井体积压裂的复杂裂缝改造特点及流动特征,将储层划分为三个区域:主裂缝区、改造区和未改造区,结合椭圆流与线性流建立了低渗透油藏直井体积压裂的渗流模型。针对低渗透油藏非线性渗流特征,推导出了低渗透油藏直井体积压裂三区耦合产能公式,产能公式计算出来的结果与现场数据对比误差小于6%。依据鄂尔多斯盆地某特低渗透油藏的基本参数,绘制了在不同影响因素下的产能曲线,分析了主裂缝导流能力、改造区体积大小、基质渗透率对产能的影响,结果表明:产能随主裂缝导流能力的增大而提高,生产压差越大提高速率越快;储层压裂改造体积越大,产能越高,但主缝长达到一定值后增产效果不明显;压裂缝与储层条件必须匹配才能达到最佳的增产效果。     

致密油藏直井体积压裂储层改造体积的影响因素

基于三叠系长7致密储层地质特征建立直井典型缝网模型,利用数值模拟方法对体积压裂与常规压裂的开发效果进行对比,模拟不同缝网形态、裂缝间距及导流能力对体积压裂储层改造体积(VSR)的影响。结果表明:体积压裂改造方式能够改善油藏的渗流环境,增加储层动用程度,大幅度提高单井产能;储层改造体积越大,压后产量越高;相同改造体积下,开发效果与井筒连通的有效裂缝体积密切相关;裂缝间距及主、次裂缝导流能力对储层改造体积的影响较大。     

致密储层垂直裂缝井压力动态特征

 针对致密储层非达西渗流规律及垂直裂缝井的特殊流动模式,采用考虑井筒存储和裂缝表皮的三线性流模型描述早、中期流动阶段及考虑启动压力梯度的有效井径模型反映晚期拟径向流阶段。通过三线性流模型和有效井径模型的优化组合,建立了致密储层垂直裂缝井不稳定渗流试井分析模型,采用最小二乘法拟合三线性流模型与有效井径模型的压力解。分析了无量纲导流系数、裂缝表皮及启动压力梯度对井壁压力及压力导数动态曲线的影响,结果表明：无量纲导流系数越大,压力降越小,从而能量损耗越小;裂缝表皮主要影响早、中期压力动态;启动压力梯度越大,后期无量纲压力增加越明显,说明渗流过程能量损失增大。     

导流能力不均匀的部分压开垂直裂缝试井分析方法

考虑水力压裂不能完全压开厚层,压裂后支撑剂无法到达裂缝尖端,缝内导流能力分布不均匀,采用两段导流系数定量表征裂缝内不均匀的导流能力,建立了导流能力不均匀的部分压开垂直裂缝试井模型。运用Laplace变换求解渗流方程,获得考虑井筒储集效应与表皮效应的井底压力解,绘制典型曲线图版,模型参数敏感性分析表明:裂缝内不均匀分布的导流系数会影响井底压力响应特征,差异程度取决于裂缝两端导流系数比。压力与压力导数在双对数曲线上会出现斜率介于0.25～0.5的特征直线段。用本文提出的模型对新疆油田某油井试井解释表明实际储层厚度大于压裂厚度,为进一步改善压裂效果和提高解释精度提供了依据。     

考虑应力敏感和水力裂缝方位角的页岩产能模型

产能预测对页岩气的高效合理开发有着重要的作用，而目前国内外对于页岩气分段压裂水平井产能的研究没有同时考虑到天然裂缝应力敏感和水力裂缝形态及渗流特征对产能的影响。为此，根据双重介质渗流理论，综合考虑了页岩储层的吸附解吸、扩散运移、天然裂缝的应力敏感效应，建立了页岩储层渗流模型；同时考虑水力裂缝的有限导流能力、裂缝方位角等因素，利用点源函数方法将裂缝离散，之后叠加建立水力裂缝模型，最后将两种模型耦合得到页岩气藏压力水平井不稳定渗流模型和产能模型。根据已建立的页岩气压裂水平井产能模型，编程计算出产能特征曲线；通过对比模拟结果分析出，与实例类似的页岩气压裂水平井的最优水力裂缝导流能为15~18 D·cm，最优缝长分布方式为外高内低的U型，最优水力裂缝间距分布为等间距分布；模拟结果与页岩气井的现场数据的对比，也验证了该模型的准确性。该研究对页岩气开发有着重要的指导意义。     

基于离散裂缝模型致密储层压裂直井动态分析

针对致密油藏渗流规律表现出的启动压力梯度和应力敏感等非线性特征,基于离散裂缝模型建立致密油藏压裂直井的不稳定渗流模型。由于有限体积方法具有物理意义明确的特点,易于计算压力梯度,方便考虑启动压力梯度的影响,采用该方法对模型进行数值求解,并对压力动态进行敏感性分析。结果表明:启动压力梯度与应力敏感的存在使得压力导数曲线上翘,启动压力梯度与渗透率模数越大,上翘幅度越大,流动阶段越难划分;与启动压力梯度不同,应力敏感使得边界响应段的压力导数曲线上翘;裂缝半长越短,启动压力梯度和压敏效应导致的曲线上翘越明显;裂缝导流能力对早期流动阶段的影响较大,随着裂缝导流能力的增大,压力导数曲线向下移动。     

多分支井渗流和不稳定压力特征分析

根据多分支井的非稳态渗流特点,建立了多分支井的非稳态渗流模型,利用单支水平井的压力分布叠加得到了多分支井的压力分布.采用井筒流动与油藏流入相互作用的耦合模型,得到各种多分支井压力不稳定动态曲线,并分析了其不稳定压力动态特征.通过对多分支井压力不稳定动态曲线特征分析划分出了不同多分支井的渗流特征段,这对于多分支井试井解释和油藏评价具有重要的意义.     

多裂缝系统垂直裂缝井不稳定渗流分析

高能气体压裂和脉冲压裂能在近井地带形成多条径向裂缝,对此建立了均质油藏和双重介质油藏多裂缝系统垂直裂缝井的物理模型。利用叠加原理,在单裂缝系统压力分布公式的基础上,得到了多裂缝系统垂直裂缝井不稳定渗流压力响应的计算方法,绘制并分析了油藏参数、裂缝条数和裂缝分布影响下的压力动态典型曲线。结果表明:流体在多裂缝系统的流动特征与裂缝条数和裂缝分布有关,当裂缝条数较少并且夹角较大时,压力动态曲线主要分为3个流动阶段:线性流段、椭圆流段和拟径向流段;当裂缝较多或者夹角较小时,由于裂缝之间相互影响,线性流段和椭圆流段之间的过渡段变长,线性流段可能消失;裂缝条数越多,供液能力越强,相同时间下,井底压力下降得越少。     

复杂裂缝条件下压裂井压力动态分析

建立了考虑裂缝形状和导流能力变化的压裂井不稳定渗流的数学模型,并采用有限元方法求解,获得了井底压力随时间的变化规律。同时绘制了相应的压力动态曲线,并对曲线的特征和影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:圆形封闭地层压裂井的压力动态曲线可以划分为6个流动阶段;在相同裂缝开口宽度和相同裂缝长度的条件下,与矩形裂缝相比,楔形裂缝压力消耗大,表现为无因次压力及压力导数曲线较高;在相同裂缝开口渗透率的条件下,与导流能力呈线性降低的裂缝以及常导流能力裂缝相比,导流能力呈幂指数降低的裂缝压力消耗最大,表现为无因次压力及压力导数曲线最高。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

<正>~~     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

英文诗歌中的喻类修辞

为了有助于提高英文爱好者的个人情操、文化素养和学习兴趣,以及专业人员对英语学习和研究进行多途径的探索,本文通过一些精选诗歌的引证和分析,着重论述了喻类修辞法在英文诗歌中的运用其及效果。     

Man Is Unable to Change the Miserable Life——Analysis of the Arrangement of Four Characters in The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams is considered as one of the most important American playwrights since World War II.The Glass Menagerie is his first successful drama,which describes a tragic situation of family and means to say that Man is unable to change the miserable life,no matter whatever means he try,This essay focuses on the analysis of the arrangement of the four main characters:Laura.Amanda,Jim and Tom to reveal the theme.Laura is fragile.Amanda is brave.Jim is vital.Tom is sensible.And all of them develop and try the different means to struggle against life,but fail tragically.With the evidence,the paper comes to conclusion naturally that Man is unable to change the miserable life,and he dooms to fail.     

Characterization of root-nodulating bacteria on Retama raetam in arid Tunisian soils

The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of Retama raetam root-nodule bacteria isolated from arid regions of Tunisia. Twelve isolates, chosen as representative for different 16S rRNA gene patterns, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Isolates were assigned to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium isolates showed a large diversity in their capacity to infect their host plant and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Strain RK 22 identified as Rhizobium was the most effective isolate.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。