煅烧温度对TiO_2粉体的微观结构及光催化特性的影响

以钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2粉体。利用X射线衍射谱、拉曼光谱、红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见光分光光度计分别研究煅烧温度对TiO2粉体的微观结构、颗粒形貌与紫外光光催化性能的影响。实验结果表明:随着煅烧温度的升高,TiO2粉体发生了锐钛矿到金红石结构的相变,相变温度大约在623K~673K,且等轴状颗粒的尺寸逐渐增加。同时发现锐钛矿结构的TiO2粉体对甲基橙的紫外光光催化活性最高,而无定形及金红石结构不利于粉体的紫外光光催化活性。     

钛网表面TiO2纳米管表征及光催化性能研究

采用阳极氧化的方法在钛网基体上制备了二氧钛纳米管.利用SEM、XRD、TEM和XPS对试样进行了表征,并对其紫外光光催化性能进行了测试.结果显示,以钛网为载体试样,SEM照片显示出特别的背脊结构.XRD分析表明TiO_2纳米管在热处理温度450℃与550℃之间发生了锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变.由XPS拟合分峰后表明,试样表面Ti元素存在方式有TiO_2和Ti_2O_3.经热处理TiO_2纳米管降解罗丹明B实验表明,锐钛矿与金红石混合结构较单纯锐钛矿结构光催化效率高,金红石含量存在一个最佳值.     

超细二氧化钛粉的制备

1 产品简介 二氧化钛,俗称钛白粉,英文名称Titanium oxide,分子式为TiO_2,分子量为61.90。 二氧化钛为白色或微黄色粉末,无臭、无味,其化学性质稳定,在一般条件下与大部分化学试剂不发生反应。难溶于水及其它溶剂。二氧化钛存在有三种不同的晶型:金红石型、锐钛矿型和板钛矿型。其晶型随温度呈如下变化:板钛矿→锐钛矿→金红石。二氧化钛三种晶型的主要性质见表1。     

不同酸处理钛酸锂的转型研究（英文）

详细研究了酸的种类和处理时间对钛酸锂转型的影响.结果显示当相同酸度的硫酸和盐酸用来对钛酸锂进行改性时,在盐酸介质中钛酸锂更容易转变为锐钛矿和金红石型二氧化钛.硫酸浓度越高,钛酸锂更容易转变为锐钛矿和金红石型二氧化钛;处理时间越长,更多的钛酸锂可以转变为锐钛矿和金红石型二氧化钛.硫酸根通过螯合双齿配位于二氧化钛,有利于稳定锐钛矿型晶相;亲电的H~+和高电负性的Cl~-影响Ti-O键,导致TiO_6八面体中的Ti-O键断裂和锐钛矿型二氧化钛发生结构重排形成金红石型二氧化钛.钛锂离子筛稳定的结构和晶相组成能够保证高效、循环往复地提取锂,从这一点来看,相比于盐酸,硫酸更适合作为洗脱剂来制备钛锂离子筛,并且低浓度的硫酸是更好的选择.     

纳米TiO_2晶型转化机制探讨

根据统计物理学方法推导出锐钛矿型TiO_2向金红石型TiO_2转化率关系式为InX_A=-v_0texp(-2U_x/kT),其中X_A为TiO_2中锐钛矿型的含量,v_0和U_x分别锐钛矿型TiO_2原子的振动频率和势函数,t、k和T分别为煅烧时间、玻兹曼常数和煅烧温度.TiO_2为三原子分子,理论上v_0和U_x计算十分复杂,本文通过在不同温度及时间下煅烧氨水水解TiOSO_4产物的方式制备了锐钛矿型、混晶型及金红石型纳米TiO_2粉末,将XRD分析所测数据及相应温度、时间条件代入转化率关系式,拟合求得:v_0=5.3×10~(10)/s,U_x=2.71×10~(-12)J.实验所测_A-t及X_A-T曲线与计算拟合曲线吻合较好,说明用氨水水解TiOSO_4产物的方式制备的锐钛矿型纳米TiO_2向金红石型纳米TiO_2的转化为扩散型转变.     

钕离子掺杂对TiO_2相组成和光催化活性的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法制备掺杂钕离子的TiO_2纳米粒子,并研究钕离子掺杂对TiO_2相结构和光催化活性的影响。结果表明:掺杂钕离子能抑制锐钛矿相向金红石相转变,并能抑制TiO_2晶粒长大;掺杂钕离子能提高TiO_2的光催化活性,掺杂量为0.069％时,光催化活性最高。     

金红石二氧化钛介电常数的光致增大效应

研究了紫外光照对金红石二氧化钛(TiO_2)和锐钛矿TiO_2介电性质的影响。利用阻抗分析仪,测量暗态和紫外光照下金红石TiO_2和锐钛矿TiO_2在40~106Hz的介电常数。测量结果表明:在50~400Hz,紫外光照可提高金红石TiO_2的介电常数约18%,降低介电损耗约7%。在相同光照和测量频率条件下,锐钛矿TiO_2的介电常数降低约10%。     

TiO_2、Al_2O_3基燃烧催化剂的固态化学研究

研究了TiO_2烧结及相变过程的动力学、机理及载体TiO_2经Al2O_3改性后的热稳定性。考察了以纯TiO_2和改性TiO_2为载体所制催化剂的耐热性。结果表明,Tio_2的烧结为体积扩散过程,锐钛型TiO_2变为金红石型的核化-生长过程中,成核和生长的活化能分别为71kJ/mol和227kJ/mol,其中生长过程为晶界扩散。用共沉淀法在TiO_2中掺杂Al_2O_3能明显提高Tio_2的热稳定性。Cu-Mn-Ce-O/TiO_2催化剂在700℃高温处理时,催化活性反而升高,这可能与TiO_2的相变过程有关。     

不同酸处理钛酸锂的转型研究

详细研究了酸的种类和处理时间对钛酸锂转型的影响. 结果显示当相同酸度的硫酸和盐酸用来对钛酸锂进行改性时,在盐酸介质中钛酸锂更容易转变为锐钛矿和金红石型二氧化钛. 硫酸浓度越高,钛酸锂更容易转变为锐钛矿和金红石型二氧化钛;处理时间越长,更多的钛酸锂可以转变为锐钛矿和金红石型二氧化钛. 硫酸根通过螯合双齿配位于二氧化钛,有利于稳定锐钛矿型晶相;亲电的H+和高电负性的Cl-影响Ti-O键,导致TiO6八面体中的Ti-O键断裂和锐钛矿型二氧化钛发生结构重排形成金红石型二氧化钛. 钛锂离子筛稳定的结构和晶相组成能够保证高效、循环往复地提取锂,从这一点来看,相比于盐酸,硫酸更适合作为洗脱剂来制备钛锂离子筛,并且低浓度的盐酸是更好的选择.     

减压过程中氯铅矿型TiO_2相稳定及晶体结构的第一性原理研究

利用基于密度泛函理论的GGA方法对氯铅矿型及相关的锐钛矿型和金红石型TiO_2进行了理论计算.首先,优化了这三种晶型TiO_2的晶体结构及相关参数,并计算分析了焓随压强的变化曲线,发现在减压至2.0 GPa时,氯铅矿型TiO_2直接相变为锐钛矿型.其次,通过拟合分析了三阶B-M状态方程获得它们的体弹模量B0与平衡体积V0,并与实验及其他理论计算符合的非常好.最后,我们通过比较相变前后晶体结构、体弹模量B0和平衡体积V0变化,并进一步讨论了氯铅矿型TiO_2的相变行为.同时,希望我们的结果能为相关实验研究提供一点理论参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the