融入迈克尔逊-莫雷实验目的的Sagnac效应理想实验

长期以来,光速不变假设被认为得到了迈克尔逊-莫雷实验等的广泛支持,Sagnac效应尤其是推广的Sagnac效应出现后,有人认为是对光速不变假设的否定。但Sagnac效应涉及到非惯性系,能否动摇惯性系中的光速不变假设,出现巨大争议。本文设计了一个理想实验方案,将Sagnac效应与迈克尔逊-莫雷实验目的有机融合。对此实验,相对论将难于预见和解释。该实验有助于打破争论僵局,促进人们对光速问题再认识,挑战相对论。     

光速问题综合分析

本文针对光速不变假设面临的问题,提出对光速问题进行重新考查。依据真空不空的观点提出了"类以太假说",以基本力分析为基础,探讨了类以太的作用特点与运动特性,论述了类以太对光速的作用影响,解释了历史上的光速实验,探讨了光速可变与超光速的检验方向,提出了相应的实验方法。希望以此促进光速问题的研究与解决,推动对相对论的再认识与再考查。     

An expanding radio nebula produced by a giant flare from the magnetar SGR 1806-20

Soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are 'magnetars', a small class of slowly spinning neutron stars with extreme surface magnetic fields, B approximately 10(15) gauss (refs 1 , 2 -3). On 27 December 2004, a giant flare was detected from the magnetar SGR 1806-20 (ref. 2), only the third such event recorded. This burst of energy was detected by a variety of instruments and even caused an ionospheric disturbance in the Earth's upper atmosphere that was recorded around the globe. Here we report the detection of a fading radio afterglow produced by this outburst, with a luminosity 500 times larger than the only other detection of a similar source. From day 6 to day 19 after the flare from SGR 1806-20, a resolved, linearly polarized, radio nebula was seen, expanding at approximately a quarter of the speed of light. To create this nebula, at least 4 x 10(43) ergs of energy must have been emitted by the giant flare in the form of magnetic fields and relativistic particles.     

光速可变理论及其相关问题

现有实验均未直接证实光速与方向无关这一论断,几个天文实验反倒证实了与其相反的结论。因此作为狭义相对论基础的光速不变原理是存疑的。在此前的论文中,笔者从对已有实验事实进行的理论分析证明光速是可变的。本文所要论述的是,若光速可变成立,由此将会引出一系列与此相关的问题与结论：相对性原理不是普适的、绝对运动是可以探测到的、光速是既变又不变、可以建立一种以光速定义的绝对坐标系等等。这样,长期存在的由于要求相对性原理与光速不变原理并存而形成的似是而非的困惑局面将得以消除,物理学将会得到一次解放。应指出．本文所述光速可变在概念上与目前报道的光速随时间而变的VSL理论及超光速理论有本质不同（并不排除存在此类现象的可能）,因为它涉及绝对坐标系这一更为根本的物理学问题。实验是检验真伪的唯一标准．建议国家主管部1＂3在论证的基础上组织人力、物力对笔者过去发表的单程光速、往返光速可变实验方法进行实验．以验证光速可变是否成立。     

四轮转向车辆转向特性分析及试验研究

为了深入研究四轮转向车辆的操纵稳定性,运用自动控制理论对采用质心零侧偏角控制策略的四轮转向车辆的转向特性进行了计算机仿真研究.主要就车速、轮胎侧偏刚度、整车质量、重心位置等因素对整车操纵稳定性的影响趋势进行了分析.同时对四轮转向样车的研制进行了说明,并将其用于仿真及试验.仿真和试验结果表明,相对于前轮转向车辆,高速时四轮转向车辆总体上有利于操纵稳定性,但不同因素的变化也会导致出现一些不利于操纵稳定性的趋势.     

Meteoritic dust from the atmospheric disintegration of a large meteoroid

Much of the mass of most meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere is consumed in the process of ablation. Larger meteoroids (> 10 cm), which in some cases reach the ground as meteorites, typically have survival fractions near 1-25 per cent of their initial mass. The fate of the remaining ablated material is unclear, but theory suggests that much of it should recondense through coagulation as nanometre-sized particles. No direct measurements of such meteoric 'smoke' have hitherto been made. Here we report the disintegration of one of the largest meteoroids to have entered the Earth's atmosphere during the past decade, and show that the dominant contribution to the mass of the residual atmospheric aerosol was in the form of micrometre-sized particles. This result is contrary to the usual view that most of the material in large meteoroids is efficiently converted to particles of much smaller size through ablation. Assuming that our observations are of a typical event, we suggest that large meteoroids provide the dominant source of micrometre-sized meteoritic dust at the Earth's surface over long timescales.     

狭义相对论中的Galilean变换

运用几何语言,从时空的3+1分解的角度,探讨了狭义相对论中具有Galilean变换形式的坐标变换,以及参考系与坐标系的区别、惯性坐标系的测量意义、光速不变的含义等概念性的问题。     

太湖波浪过程的数值模拟

基于动谱平衡方程的SWAN波浪模型和湖流三维模型,分别对太湖波浪和湖流的生消过程进行动态模拟,并研究太湖湖流对波浪的影响.结果表明,湖流模型和SWAN波浪模型可以较好地模拟风作用下太湖湖流和波浪的生成和传播过程;太湖流场对波浪场具有一定影响;风速越大,影响越显著,同时也受风向影响;沿岸区波浪受湖流影响更加显著;湖流对波浪的影响基本上呈现湖流波浪同向时,有效波高增大,波速增大,波长增长;反向时有效波高减小,波速减小,波长缩短的特征.     

Abrupt acceleration of a 'cold' ultrarelativistic wind from the Crab pulsar

Pulsars are thought to eject electron-positron winds that energize the surrounding environment, with the formation of a pulsar wind nebula. The pulsar wind originates close to the light cylinder, the surface at which the pulsar co-rotation velocity equals the speed of light, and carries away much of the rotational energy lost by the pulsar. Initially the wind is dominated by electromagnetic energy (Poynting flux) but later this is converted to the kinetic energy of bulk motion. It is unclear exactly where this takes place and to what speed the wind is accelerated. Although some preferred models imply a gradual acceleration over the entire distance from the magnetosphere to the point at which the wind terminates, a rapid acceleration close to the light cylinder cannot be excluded. Here we report that the recent observations of pulsed, very high-energy γ-ray emission from the Crab pulsar are explained by the presence of a cold (in the sense of the low energy of the electrons in the frame of the moving plasma) ultrarelativistic wind dominated by kinetic energy. The conversion of the Poynting flux to kinetic energy should take place abruptly in the narrow cylindrical zone of radius between 20 and 50 light-cylinder radii centred on the axis of rotation of the pulsar, and should accelerate the wind to a Lorentz factor of (0.5-1.0)?×?10(6). Although the ultrarelativistic nature of the wind does support the general model of pulsars, the requirement of the very high acceleration of the wind in a narrow zone not far from the light cylinder challenges current models.     

An experimental test of non-local realism

Most working scientists hold fast to the concept of 'realism'--a viewpoint according to which an external reality exists independent of observation. But quantum physics has shattered some of our cornerstone beliefs. According to Bell's theorem, any theory that is based on the joint assumption of realism and locality (meaning that local events cannot be affected by actions in space-like separated regions) is at variance with certain quantum predictions. Experiments with entangled pairs of particles have amply confirmed these quantum predictions, thus rendering local realistic theories untenable. Maintaining realism as a fundamental concept would therefore necessitate the introduction of 'spooky' actions that defy locality. Here we show by both theory and experiment that a broad and rather reasonable class of such non-local realistic theories is incompatible with experimentally observable quantum correlations. In the experiment, we measure previously untested correlations between two entangled photons, and show that these correlations violate an inequality proposed by Leggett for non-local realistic theories. Our result suggests that giving up the concept of locality is not sufficient to be consistent with quantum experiments, unless certain intuitive features of realism are abandoned.     

Early history of Earth's crust-mantle system inferred from hafnium isotopes in chondrites

The 176Lu to 176Hf decay series has been widely used to understand the nature of Earth's early crust-mantle system. The interpretation, however, of Lu-Hf isotope data requires accurate knowledge of the radioactive decay constant of 176Lu (lambda176Lu), as well as bulk-Earth reference parameters. A recent calibration of the lambda176Lu value calls for the presence of highly unradiogenic hafnium in terrestrial zircons with ages greater than 3.9 Gyr, implying widespread continental crust extraction from an isotopically enriched mantle source more than 4.3 Gyr ago, but does not provide evidence for a complementary depleted mantle reservoir. Here we report Lu-Hf isotope measurements of different Solar System objects including chondrites and basaltic eucrites. The chondrites define a Lu-Hf isochron with an initial 176Hf/177Hf ratio of 0.279628 +/- 0.000047, corresponding to lambda176Lu = 1.983 +/- 0.033 x 10-11 yr-1 using an age of 4.56 Gyr for the chondrite-forming event. This lambda176Lu value indicates that Earth's oldest minerals were derived from melts of a mantle source with a time-integrated history of depletion rather than enrichment. The depletion event must have occurred no later than 320 Myr after planetary accretion, consistent with timing inferred from extinct radionuclides.     

陨星碰撞对地磁场的影响

在固体地球的假设下,从电子在转动参照系中的Newton运动方程出发,运用经典的电子气模型,指出了地球在自转发生变化时将产生惯性电流,从而影响地球磁矩.由此推论:地磁场有可能因短暂时间内地球自转角动量的变化而受到影响,而小行星、陨星等与地球的天体碰撞,对地磁场有着重大的直接影响,包括地磁场的反向.     

狭义相对论与运动速度上限

论证了对于具有静止参考系特性的粒子, 以绝对时空观为基础的伽利略变换是唯一允许粒子运动速度为任意大的线性时空变换, 因而对于任何非伽利略型的线性时空变换, 必然要求粒子运动速度存在上限。通过引进运动速度上限vm, 针对静质量不为零的粒子, 给出一种无需利用光速不变假设和具体的时空变换关系, 而完全在动力学范围内得到相对论质速关系和质能关系的新推导, 并进一步确定了相应线性时空变换的广义洛伦兹变换公式。质速关系和质能关系以及广义洛伦兹变换的新形式已不再直接与光速相关, 而是由更一般的普适速度上限vm替代了光速c。 对于经典伽利略变换则可作为广义洛伦兹变换在vm→∞时的一种极限特例, 而速度上限vm的具体取值可由实验测量来确定。     

Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000

The basic strategies in establishing the Chinese geodetic coordinate system 2000 have been summarized, including the definition of the coordinate system, the structure of the terrestrial reference frame, the functional and stochastic models involved in the realization of the reference frame as well as the improvements of the adjustment procedures. First, the fundamental frame of the coordinate system is composed of the permanent GPS tracking network in China which is integrated into the international GPS service stations by combined adjustment, in order to guarantee the consistence between the international terrestrial reference system and the Chinese geodetic coordinate system. Second, the extended frame of the coordinate system is composed of the unified 2000＇ national GPS network which is integrated by 6 nationwide GPS networks with more than 2500 stations under the controlling of the fundamental frame. Third, the densified frame is composed of national astronomical geodetic network with nearly 50 thousand stations which was updated by the combined adjustment with the 2000＇ national GPS network, thus the datum of the national astronomical geodetic network has been unified and the precision greatly improved. By the optimal data fusion method the influences of the datum errors, systematic errors and the outliers in the separated geodetic networks are weakened in the unified Chinese geodetic coordinate frame. The significance in application of the new geodetic coordinate system and the existing problems in the reference frame are described and analyzed.     

Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects

Entanglement is considered to be one of the most profound features of quantum mechanics. An entangled state of a system consisting of two subsystems cannot be described as a product of the quantum states of the two subsystems. In this sense, the entangled system is considered inseparable and non-local. It is generally believed that entanglement is usually manifest in systems consisting of a small number of microscopic particles. Here we demonstrate experimentally the entanglement of two macroscopic objects, each consisting of a caesium gas sample containing about 1012 atoms. Entanglement is generated via interaction of the samples with a pulse of light, which performs a non-local Bell measurement on the collective spins of the samples. The entangled spin-state can be maintained for 0.5 milliseconds. Besides being of fundamental interest, we expect the robust and long-lived entanglement of material objects demonstrated here to be useful in quantum information processing, including teleportation of quantum states of matter and quantum memory.     

Regional climate shifts caused by gradual global cooling in the Pliocene epoch

The Earth's climate has undergone a global transition over the past four million years, from warm conditions with global surface temperatures about 3 degrees C warmer than today, smaller ice sheets and higher sea levels to the current cooler conditions. Tectonic changes and their influence on ocean heat transport have been suggested as forcing factors for that transition, including the onset of significant Northern Hemisphere glaciation approximately 2.75 million years ago, but the ultimate causes for the climatic changes are still under debate. Here we compare climate records from high latitudes, subtropical regions and the tropics, indicating that the onset of large glacial/interglacial cycles did not coincide with a specific climate reorganization event at lower latitudes. The regional differences in the timing of cooling imply that global cooling was a gradual process, rather than the response to a single threshold or episodic event as previously suggested. We also find that high-latitude climate sensitivity to variations in solar heating increased gradually, culminating after cool tropical and subtropical upwelling conditions were established two million years ago. Our results suggest that mean low-latitude climate conditions can significantly influence global climate feedbacks.     

Ancient, highly heterogeneous mantle beneath Gakkel ridge, Arctic Ocean

The Earth's mantle beneath ocean ridges is widely thought to be depleted by previous melt extraction, but well homogenized by convective stirring. This inference of homogeneity has been complicated by the occurrence of portions enriched in incompatible elements. Here we show that some refractory abyssal peridotites from the ultraslow-spreading Gakkel ridge (Arctic Ocean) have very depleted 187Os/188Os ratios with model ages up to 2 billion years, implying the long-term preservation of refractory domains in the asthenospheric mantle rather than their erasure by mantle convection. The refractory domains would not be sampled by mid-ocean-ridge basalts because they contribute little to the genesis of magmas. We thus suggest that the upwelling mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges is highly heterogeneous, which makes it difficult to constrain its composition by mid-ocean-ridge basalts alone. Furthermore, the existence of ancient domains in oceanic mantle suggests that using osmium model ages to constrain the evolution of continental lithosphere should be approached with caution.     

Linkage disequilibrium in the human genome

With the availability of a dense genome-wide map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a central issue in human genetics is whether it is now possible to use linkage disequilibrium (LD) to map genes that cause disease. LD refers to correlations among neighbouring alleles, reflecting 'haplotypes' descended from single, ancestral chromosomes. The size of LD blocks has been the subject of considerable debate. Computer simulations and empirical data have suggested that LD extends only a few kilobases (kb) around common SNPs, whereas other data have suggested that it can extend much further, in some cases greater than 100 kb. It has been difficult to obtain a systematic picture of LD because past studies have been based on only a few (1-3) loci and different populations. Here, we report a large-scale experiment using a uniform protocol to examine 19 randomly selected genomic regions. LD in a United States population of north-European descent typically extends 60 kb from common alleles, implying that LD mapping is likely to be practical in this population. By contrast, LD in a Nigerian population extends markedly less far. The results illuminate human history, suggesting that LD in northern Europeans is shaped by a marked demographic event about 27,000-53,000 years ago.     

A correlation between mid-ocean-ridge basalt chemistry and distance to continents

To fully understand the structure and dynamics of the Earth's convecting mantle, the origins of temperature variations within the mantle need to be resolved. Different hypotheses have been proposed to account for these temperature variations: for example, heat coming from the decay of radioactive elements or heat flowing out of the Earth's core. In addition, theoretical studies suggest that the thermal properties of continental masses can affect mantle convection, but quantitative data that could allow us to test these models are scarce. To address this latter problem, we have examined the chemistry of mid-ocean-ridge basalt--which reflects the temperature of the source mantle--as a function of the distance of the ridge from the closest continental margin. No correlation is observed for oceanic ridges close to subduction zones or hotspots; subduction zones probably inhibit thermal transfer between the mantle beneath continents and ocean, whereas hotspots influence the major-element chemistry of ridge basalts, which makes their interpretation with respect to mantle temperature more difficult. However, we do observe a significant correlation for mid-oceanic basalts from the Atlantic and Indian oceans. From this, we conclude that the location of continental masses relative to active ridges influences the large-scale thermal structure of the mantle and we estimate that the mantle cools by 0.05 to 0.1 degrees C per kilometre from the continental margins.     

A doubling of the post-perovskite phase boundary and structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle

The thermal structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle--the D' layer spanning depths of approximately 2,600-2,900 kilometres--is key to understanding the dynamical state and history of our planet. Earth's temperature profile (the geotherm) is mostly constrained by phase transitions, such as freezing at the inner-core boundary or changes in crystal structure within the solid mantle, that are detected as discontinuities in seismic wave speed and for which the pressure and temperature conditions can be constrained by experiment and theory. A recently discovered phase transition at pressures of the D' layer is ideally situated to reveal the thermal structure of the lowermost mantle, where no phase transitions were previously known to exist. Here we show that a pair of seismic discontinuities observed in some regions of D' can be explained by the same phase transition as the result of a double-crossing of the phase boundary by the geotherm at two different depths. This simple model can also explain why a seismic discontinuity is not observed in some other regions, and provides new constraints for the magnitude of temperature variations within D'.