乳化重油高温稳定性及催化裂化反应性能研究

建立了乳化油高温稳定性评价方法，利用该方法考察了各种乳状液的高温稳定性。结果表明，乳状液的析出水的百分比与稳定时间成正比，高温下由水溶性乳化剂制得的乳化油的稳定性优于由油溶性乳化剂制得的乳化油。根据高温稳定性考察和成本评价结果，筛选出了适用于催化裂化乳化进料的乳化剂，并对常压渣油及其乳化油的催化裂化反应性能进行了研究。由于乳化油进入提升管后与催化剂接触发生二次爆破雾化，表面活性剂（乳化剂）对催化裂化反应也具有强化作用，因而极大地改善了原料油与催化剂的接触状况，提高了原料的转化深度。在相同的反应条件下，常压渣油乳化油的转化率比常压渣油提高4％－7％，汽油产率提高1％－4％，液收率提高3％－5％，干气产率约增加0．8％，焦炭产率相差不大。在近似的转化率下，乳化油作为原料时的产品选择性优于常压渣油。初步分析表明，催化裂化装置采用乳化进料以后，可大幅度地提高经济效益。     

催化裂化用常压渣油乳化工艺研究

根据催化裂化的特殊要求 ,选择适用于重油催化裂化乳化进料的中性非离子型乳化剂进行了乳化实验 ,建立了乳状液储存稳定性的评价方法 ,并对乳状液的制备条件、乳状液的类型和各种乳化剂所形成的乳状液在 80℃下的储存稳定性进行了考察 ,以确定各种乳化剂的使用浓度。结果表明 ,在 80℃下 ,各乳化剂所形成的乳状液均为W /O型 ,且其储存稳定性并不随乳化剂浓度的增加而单调增大 ,而是存在最佳使用浓度。     

催化裂化用常压渣油乳化工艺研究

根据催化裂化的特殊要求，选择适用于重油催化裂化乳化进料的中性非离子型乳化剂进行了乳化实验，建立了乳状兴储存稳定性的评价方法，并对乳状淮的制备条件、乳状液的类型和各种乳化剂所形成的乳状液在80℃下的储存稳定性进行了考察，以确定各种乳化剂的使用浓度。结果表明，在80℃下，各乳化剂所形成的乳状液均为W／O型，且其存储稳定性并不随乳化剂的增加而单调增大，而是存在最佳使用浓度。     

重油乳化及其催化裂化反应研究

将重油乳化成W/O乳液,作为催化裂化原料油,在二次雾化和分子解聚作用下,可显著改善原料油雾化状况,降低结焦,提高轻油收率;研究了乳化剂的单剂筛选和复配;对乳化油、普通重油的催化裂化反应行为进行了考察.结果表明Span(S-1)具有较好的乳化性能,乳化剂的复配能增加乳化原料油的稳定性;与普通重油相比,乳化重油催化裂化反应温度可低10℃,轻油收率提高了1.2～5.6个百分点,而焦炭产率则较低.     

催化裂化条件下的甲醇转化反应过程

在对甲醇作为催化裂化部分进料可行性分析的基础上,开展了催化裂化条件下甲醇转化反应过程的研究。采用小型固定流化床装置,利用工业用催化裂化的GOR-II催化剂,考察了反应温度、剂醇比、空速、甲醇进料浓度、催化剂积炭等反应条件对甲醇转化率及低碳烯烃收率的影响规律。在反应温度500℃、剂醇质量比16、空速0.9 h-1、w=0.4的甲醇水溶液进料和催化剂无积炭的条件下,低碳烯烃产率为19.78%,选择性为59.55%。结果表明:甲醇作为催化裂化过程部分进料可获得较高的低碳烯烃产率。     

乳化燃料油的稳定性研究

针对180号燃料油乳化存在的稳定性问题进行了一系列的实验研究。考察了亲油亲水平衡值(HLB)对乳化油稳定性的影响以及非离子乳化剂对乳化油粘度的影响,以HLB值为标准兼顾乳化油粘度设计出乳化效果较好的复合乳化剂,考察了复配乳化剂、乳化工艺条件对乳化燃料油的稳定性和粘度的影响,得出最佳的乳化工艺条件为:乳化剂用量为0.5%,乳化时间为45 m in左右,乳化温度为70~80°C,搅拌速度为500~600 r/m in。实验结果表明:基于HLB值兼顾乳化油的粘度,以失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯为核心设计的复配乳化剂在最佳工艺条件下制备的乳化燃料油室温储存3个月,稳定性好且粘度满足180#燃料油的标准。     

复合生物柴油乳化油的制备及其稳定性研究

以20%生物柴油,80%石化柴油混合制成复合生物柴油(B20),通过加入表面活性剂制成复合生物柴油乳化油.初步探讨了乳化剂的用量、水混合量和乳化时间对该乳化油水剂稳定性的影响.实验表明:采用石油磺酸钠和壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚复合乳化剂,复合生物柴油(B20)添加复合乳化剂6%,最佳油水比1:4,乳化时间25 min,制得稳定性较好的乳化液,乳化液室内保存45 d不分层.添加复合乳化剂8%时,乳化液室内保存300 d不分层.     

混合原料油催化裂化工业生产性能的预测

对三种原料油的催化裂化性能进行了实验研究.数据表明,渣油加氢蜡油是优质催化裂化原料.混合油及孤岛减压蜡油裂化性能较差.而且后两种原料油的产品分布均劣于渣油加氢蜡油.预计使用混合原料油进行工业催化裂化生产时,由于焦炭及汽油产率、转化率、催化剂的重金属污染等与其它两种原料油不同.生产中需要在再生器取热、反应温度、回炼比、新鲜催化剂补充量等方面相应进行调整.     

分子筛裂化催化剂高温热减活的研究

为了扩大催化裂化原料的范围,充分利用能源,提高轻质油收率,渣油的催化裂化技术的研究已在国内外广泛进行,有的并已工业化,如二段再生的催化裂化新工艺。该工艺包括催化剂高温、低温二段再生,在低温再生段把焦炭中的碳转化为CO,在高温再生段转化为CO_2。这样可使再生催化剂进入提升管后与渣油原料混合的温度达到渣油原料的假临界温     

减压渣油催化裂化的反应特性

利用小型固定流化床反应装置，对渣油催化裂化的反应特征进行了多方面的考察。实验结果表明，催化原料中随渣油掺入量的增加和反应时间的延长，反应过程中热裂化成分增大，氢转移反应和异构化反应减少，产品的安定性下降。因此，渣油催化裂化宜采用短接触时间和快速油气分离技术。渣油和减压馏分油在混炼过程中，原料之间无明显的交互作用，各自保持原有的生焦能力，这为炼油厂掺炼渣油时预测焦炭产率带来了方便。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the