原料粒度对油页岩中试干馏的实验

针对原料粒度不均匀影响页岩干馏效率的问题,在抚顺中试干馏装置上对不同粒度级页岩进行干馏试验.通过研究不同粒度页岩含油质量分数、干馏过程产油质量分数、废渣含油质量分数,以及不同粒度页岩在干馏过程中的控制指标,如主风压力、循环瓦斯压力的变化,最终得出适合抚顺干馏工艺的合适粒度范围为20~50 mm和20~75 mm.如果想要实现50~75 mm或更大粒度的页岩完全干馏,需要在干馏温度下保证充分的干馏时间.实验研究可以提高页岩的干馏效率和油收率,为页岩干馏行业工程设计、生产操作及管理等方面起到指导作用.     

压力作用下颗粒页岩快速燃烧过程的实验研究

利用压力热重仪对抚顺和茂名页岩颗粒进行了快速燃烧实验，以此来模拟油页岩在沸腾炉内的燃烧过程。考察了粒径、温度、压力等因素对燃烧过程的影响．所用的样品粒径为３～１１ｍｍ，燃烧温度７００～９００℃，压力为０．１～０．９ＭＰａ，利用总包一级燃烧反应模型对实验数据进行了处理，得到了较为满意的结果。     

石灰石闪速加热高温煅烧过程中的CO_2逸出行为

在大功率碳管炉内模拟利用转炉余热闪速加热高温煅烧石灰石的工艺过程,研究煅烧温度(1200~1500℃)和石灰石粒径(4~27.5mm)对石灰石颗粒在高温热分解过程中CO_2逸出行为的影响。结果表明,石灰石粒径一定时,煅烧温度越高,CaCO_3分解初期逸出CO_2的速率越大,达到CO_2逸出速率最大值的时间也越短;煅烧温度一定时,石灰石粒径越小,CO_2逸出速率曲线峰值越高,到达曲线峰值的时间也越短。煅烧温度不超过1300℃时,随着石灰石粒径的增大,试样转化率和CO_2逸出速率的变化明显放缓;而煅烧温度达到1350℃后,粒径对CO_2逸出速率的影响较小。在1500℃煅烧温度下,经过400~445s,不同粒径石灰石颗粒的分解转化率均已接近100%。     

桦甸油页岩固体热载体快速热解法干馏研究

建成了处理能力为 １０ｋｇ／ｈ固体热载体快速热解法干馏（简称新法干馏）连续实 验装置。在此装置上进行了桦甸油页岩热解实验，油页岩粒度０．５—２．５ｍｍ； 页岩灰 渣是热载体，温度为７００—７５０℃；油页岩干馏温度范围为４４５～５２４℃；热载体与原 料页岩比为３—４．油收率最佳干馏温度为４９０℃左右，油收率可达低温干馏试验收 率的 ９０％以上。干馏煤气热值 １４．６—２５．６ＭＪ／ｍ３．页岩灰渣含碳甚低。桦甸油页 岩采用新法干馏技术有一定经济效益。     

高温颗粒引燃转炉煤气的实验研究

为分析转炉煤气显热回收过程中被高温颗粒引燃危险性,自行设计了激光辐射加热氧化铁颗粒引燃转炉煤气实验平台.以转炉煤气/空气混合物压力及温度变化为引燃判据,研究不同初始温度及粒径颗粒引燃混合物的规律.结果表明,转炉煤气/空气混合物存在引燃敏感浓度,当受辐射颗粒粒径相同、初始温度为100℃时混合物敏感浓度比35℃时上升了5%;初始温度为35,100,200℃时,粒径1.5 mm的颗粒引燃温度比0.5 mm的分别下降137.6,145及134.5℃;颗粒粒径为0.5,1.0及1.5 mm时,初始温度为200℃时的引燃温度比35℃时分别下降了19.8,11.6及16.7℃.研究结果对高温转炉煤气进入换热器前设置除尘粒径限制具有参考意义.     

预脱蜡对油页岩干馏炼油的影响

以吉林桦甸油页岩为研究对象。通过用有机溶剂单级萃取的方法在油页岩干馏前脱蜡。脱蜡后的油页岩样在试验初温20℃,试验终温520℃,升温速率10℃/min,终温停留时间30 min,进行油页岩干馏试验研究。为了研究脱蜡对页岩油品质的影响规律,对桦甸页岩油性质进行了测试,包括馏程、元素分析等,并进行深入分析。研究结果表明,脱蜡对页岩油的各项品质是有一定影响的,油页岩干馏前脱蜡对油页岩含油率影响不大且用苯溶剂萃取后的油页岩还比未萃取的页岩含油率略高;而且脱蜡能提升页岩油中的轻馏分组分。通过元素分析的数据变化也可以看出预脱蜡有利于提高页岩油的质量。     

移动床粉煤干馏炉一维数学模型的建立

以煤气-煤-循环灰三相传热机理和煤热解反应方程为依据,建立了以高温循环灰为热载体的移动床粉煤干馏炉的一维数学模型。根据不同的操作条件,分别对三相温度轴向分布规律和煤热解产物产率进行了模拟计算,微分方程组采用等步长的四阶Runge-Kutta数值积分方法进行求解。结果表明,煤颗粒在进入干馏炉后被快速加热,对于小粒径煤,升温速率可达600 K/min以上,煤粒径和灰/煤混合比分别对煤粒的升温速率和热解反应温度有显著的影响。     

微波热点诱导钒页岩高效浸出提钒机理的新见解

微波加热可以快速均匀地提高温度并加快反应速度。本文采用微波加热强化酸浸过程，并通过微观形貌分析和COMSOL Multiphysics软件的数值模拟研究了微波辅助浸出的强化机理。研究了微波功率、浸出温度、CaF₂用量、H₂SO₄浓度和浸出时间对钒浸出率的影响。在微波功率为550 W、浸出温度为95°C、CaF₂用量为5wt%、H₂SO₄浓度为20vol%、浸出时间为2.5 h的条件下，钒浸出率为80.66%，相比于常规加热浸出，浸出率提升了6.18%；同等浸出率的水平下浸出时间可以缩短9.5 h。SEM和XRD分析表明，微波加热可以细化矿物颗粒尺寸，使得钒页岩颗粒的活性表面暴露于浸出液中，从而加速反应速率。同时，微波辅助浸出后云母矿物的层状结构被剥落，有利于钒的释放。数值模拟结果表明，钒页岩颗粒中的电场强度和温度随着介质中介电常数的增加而降低；钒页岩颗粒之间的电场和温度分布相对均匀，但电场强度在颗粒接触位置处激增，该处的温度也随之激增，从而形成高温热点。此外，随着钒页岩颗粒聚集的增加，电场强度和温度在不同程度地增加。验证实验和浸出实验的结果表明，微波辅助浸出过程中存在高温热点，高温热点破坏了矿物结构，细化了矿物的粒度，并剥离了云母的层状结构。随着含钒矿物暴露表面的增加，氢离子与活性位点之间的碰撞频率增加，反应速率增加，浸出时间缩短。     

加热工艺对Nb-Ti微合金化高强钢的影响

采用金相显微镜、透射电镜(TEM)以及电解分析等仪器和方法对不同加热工艺下,含Nb钢、含Ti钢以及Nb-Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒粒径长大规律和第二相固溶规律进行研究。研究结果表明:随着加热温度增加或保温时间延长,奥氏体晶粒粒径逐渐增大,钢中第二相析出物数量减少、粒径增大;在相同加热工艺下,Nb-Ti钢的奥氏体晶粒粒径比含Ti钢和含Nb钢的小;加热至1 200℃时含Nb钢中Nb基本全部固溶,而当加热温度升至1 300℃时,含Ti钢中仍有TiN无法固溶。Nb-Ti的复合添加使Nb元素的全固溶温度从1 200℃提高至1 250℃;当加热温度为1 150℃和1 200℃时,细小的第二相粒子Ti C和NbC的固溶是造成该温度区间奥氏体晶粒粒径显著增加的主要原因。     

基于氢谱核磁技术的桦甸页岩油化学结构特性分析

对桦甸油页岩进行不同终温的干馏实验收集页岩油,通过对不同终温的页岩油进行氢谱核磁实验分析,以期考察油页岩干馏过程中热解产物所发生的物理化学变化,为油页岩干馏工艺提供数据支持。分析结果表明,随着热解终温的升高,芳烃百分含量略有减小,其中单环芳烃含量随着温度的升高而减小,多环芳烃含量则逐渐增加。环烷烃相对百分含量随着温度的升高而减小,链烷烃含量也呈增加趋势。干馏过程所生成页岩油的化学结构组成发生复杂的化学变化,且随干馏终温的变化影响着页岩油化学结构参数,如烷基侧链的脱除、芳香环的缩合反应、环烷环的脱氢反应与断环反应等。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Features of Women''s language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

英文诗歌中的喻类修辞

为了有助于提高英文爱好者的个人情操、文化素养和学习兴趣,以及专业人员对英语学习和研究进行多途径的探索,本文通过一些精选诗歌的引证和分析,着重论述了喻类修辞法在英文诗歌中的运用其及效果。     

Man Is Unable to Change the Miserable Life——Analysis of the Arrangement of Four Characters in The Glass Menagerie

Tennessee Williams is considered as one of the most important American playwrights since World War II.The Glass Menagerie is his first successful drama,which describes a tragic situation of family and means to say that Man is unable to change the miserable life,no matter whatever means he try,This essay focuses on the analysis of the arrangement of the four main characters:Laura.Amanda,Jim and Tom to reveal the theme.Laura is fragile.Amanda is brave.Jim is vital.Tom is sensible.And all of them develop and try the different means to struggle against life,but fail tragically.With the evidence,the paper comes to conclusion naturally that Man is unable to change the miserable life,and he dooms to fail.     

Characterization of root-nodulating bacteria on Retama raetam in arid Tunisian soils

The aim of this study is to investigate the diversity of Retama raetam root-nodule bacteria isolated from arid regions of Tunisia. Twelve isolates, chosen as representative for different 16S rRNA gene patterns, were characterized by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phenotypic analysis. Isolates were assigned to Sinorhizobium, Rhizobium and Agrobacterium. Symbiotic properties of Sinorhizobium and Rhizobium isolates showed a large diversity in their capacity to infect their host plant and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Strain RK 22 identified as Rhizobium was the most effective isolate.     

An Affordable Accurate Evaluation of the Binding Conformations Predicted by Molecular Docking Studies in Bio-System

正Recently,docking has been widely used to predict the binding-modes of protein-inhibitors,when the crystal complexes structure was absent.Most docking algorithms are able to generate a large number of probable conformations,it,however,is difficult to effectively evaluate these docking poses and identify the most reasonable bindingmode.In the present study,on the basis of the crystallographic data of human 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme