云南三种褐煤固体热载体新法干馏实验研究

云南三种褐煤样在１０ｋｇ／ｈ固体热载体新法干馏连续试验装置上进行了研究。煤样粒度＜２．５ｍｍ，煤样经过干燥并预热到１００－１２０℃，热载体粉焦温度为６００－７２０℃，干馏时粉焦与原料煤混合比为３－５，燃烧用空气预热温度为３５０℃，干馏温度范围５００－６５０℃。干馏焦油产率４－１４％，粗汽油产率 ０．５－０．８％，煤气产率 ９０－１９０ｄｍ３／ｋｇ，为中热值煤气，可作城市煤气用，半焦反应性好，可作无烟燃料。此工艺方法简单，投资省，生产费低。     

预脱蜡对油页岩干馏炼油的影响

以吉林桦甸油页岩为研究对象。通过用有机溶剂单级萃取的方法在油页岩干馏前脱蜡。脱蜡后的油页岩样在试验初温20℃,试验终温520℃,升温速率10℃/min,终温停留时间30 min,进行油页岩干馏试验研究。为了研究脱蜡对页岩油品质的影响规律,对桦甸页岩油性质进行了测试,包括馏程、元素分析等,并进行深入分析。研究结果表明,脱蜡对页岩油的各项品质是有一定影响的,油页岩干馏前脱蜡对油页岩含油率影响不大且用苯溶剂萃取后的油页岩还比未萃取的页岩含油率略高;而且脱蜡能提升页岩油中的轻馏分组分。通过元素分析的数据变化也可以看出预脱蜡有利于提高页岩油的质量。     

褐煤固体热载体干馏新技术工业性试验

在平庄建成褐煤固体热载体干馏新技术（ＤＧ）工业试验装置。热的粉焦作为热载体。装置干馏褐煤能力为１５０ｔ／ｄ．ＤＧ法工艺含煤流化提升干燥、煤焦混合加热干馏、流化提升加热粉焦和流化燃烧等过程。在该装置上进行陕庄褐煤干馏试验。反应器的干馏温度达６００℃，产生的煤 所热值的１７ＭＪ／ｍ＾３左右；轻焦油中酸性份为１２％，中性油为４２％；半焦粉活性好，热值高于原料煤，可作为无烟燃料或作为流化气化原料。试验褐煤     

基于氢谱核磁技术的桦甸页岩油化学结构特性分析

对桦甸油页岩进行不同终温的干馏实验收集页岩油,通过对不同终温的页岩油进行氢谱核磁实验分析,以期考察油页岩干馏过程中热解产物所发生的物理化学变化,为油页岩干馏工艺提供数据支持。分析结果表明,随着热解终温的升高,芳烃百分含量略有减小,其中单环芳烃含量随着温度的升高而减小,多环芳烃含量则逐渐增加。环烷烃相对百分含量随着温度的升高而减小,链烷烃含量也呈增加趋势。干馏过程所生成页岩油的化学结构组成发生复杂的化学变化,且随干馏终温的变化影响着页岩油化学结构参数,如烷基侧链的脱除、芳香环的缩合反应、环烷环的脱氢反应与断环反应等。     

抚顺油页岩干馏渗透实验研究

为了为地下原位开采页岩油提供一定的理论依据,在高温高压蒸汽作用下进行了油页岩的干馏实验,以及干馏后油页岩的三轴渗透实验.结果表明:①高温高压蒸汽可以有效地干馏油页岩并带走页岩油;②高温高压蒸汽作用下油页岩会产生大量的裂缝,从而提高油页岩的渗透性;③油页岩干馏后渗透系数是体积应力和孔隙压的函数,其关系仍然服从指数规律.实验结果对地下原位开采页岩油有一定的指导意义.     

分步热解气相色谱在油页岩工艺性质评价中的应用——以准南大黄山芦草沟组油页岩为例

采用热解气相色谱技术,通过分步程序热模拟了大黄山油页岩的干馏过程,探索了油页岩在各温阶下各种油(气)品热解回收动态变化及其热解总回收率变化,理论上分析了产生这种变化的原因,论述了油页岩工艺特性及其控制因素,以期为精确评价油页岩工艺性质提供参数。研究结果表明:干馏热解过程主要分3个阶段,410℃之前烃类产物很少,并随温度增高而缓慢增加;450～510℃区间烃类产物迅速增加,占全部热解产物的70%,并在490℃左右达到最大值;510℃以后烃类产物较少,以气态烃产物为主。大黄山油页岩整体具有轻质油潜力优势特征,未来加工炼制温度控制在450～510℃即可基本保证油(气)回收率、有效获取轻质油。油页岩原始生烃潜力是控制油页岩工艺特性的主要因素,油页岩原始生烃能力越强,干馏高温阶段的重质油产物越多。     

中国几种油页岩超临界萃取研究

实验采用非等温半连续过程,进行了油页岩超临界萃取研究。实验装置由海登教授提供,研究经费由教育部资助。已完成黄县、桦甸、抚顺和茂名四个矿八种油页岩样品实验。样品粒度为1.2—2.5mm,压力为10MPa,终温为550℃,升温速率为3K/min,溶剂为甲苯。油页岩萃取转化率为油母的55-86%,萃取物产率为油母的40-55%。以油页岩干基计算萃取转化率、萃取物产率以及气体产物产率随油页岩有机质含量增加而增大。萃取物开始生成温度介于300—400℃,生成速率峰值温度出现于420—450℃,温度高低与油页岩性质和萃取条件有关。气体产物在400℃以上形成,其主…     

不同去矿化方式对油页岩干馏特性的影响

我国有丰富的油页岩资源,而油页岩中含有大量无机矿物质,不利于页岩油的干馏提取。利用HCl、HF、胶质芽孢杆菌分别对油页岩进行去矿化处理。对不同样品基本性质研究表明,三种方式均可有效去除无机矿质、增加比表面积、富集有机组分。铝甑干馏实验表明微生物处理样品效果最显著,可将产油率由5.4%升高至6.9%,并且绝对产量增加了5.9%,有利于低品位油页岩的开发利用;而HF会破坏有机物,导致气损量增加,不利干馏提取页岩油。油页岩干馏特性的研究表明,由于去矿化作用,油页岩比表面积增大,降低干馏终温温度15℃,降低干馏保温时间6min,有利于在油页岩开发利用中降低能耗。这些结果表明微生物去矿化作用在实际生产过程中将会是一个主要的油页岩预处理方式,有很大的发展空间。     

原料粒度对油页岩中试干馏的实验

针对原料粒度不均匀影响页岩干馏效率的问题,在抚顺中试干馏装置上对不同粒度级页岩进行干馏试验.通过研究不同粒度页岩含油质量分数、干馏过程产油质量分数、废渣含油质量分数,以及不同粒度页岩在干馏过程中的控制指标,如主风压力、循环瓦斯压力的变化,最终得出适合抚顺干馏工艺的合适粒度范围为20~50 mm和20~75 mm.如果想要实现50~75 mm或更大粒度的页岩完全干馏,需要在干馏温度下保证充分的干馏时间.实验研究可以提高页岩的干馏效率和油收率,为页岩干馏行业工程设计、生产操作及管理等方面起到指导作用.     

吉林桦甸油页岩原位近临界水热解开采室内实验

从多学科交叉角度出发,将油气生排烃实验地质技术、绿色化工等相关领域方法引入到油页岩原位开采中。选取吉林桦甸油页岩样品,利用地层孔隙热压生排烃模拟实验仪开展了原位干馏热解和近临界水热解实验。研究表明:近临界水热解促进了油页岩原位油气转化,高温高压近临界水、反应生成的高含CO2的气体和较高的地层流体压力提高了油页岩原位页岩油潜在可采率/回收率,展现了利用近临界水特性开采油页岩,尤其是低品质油页岩的良好前景。针对我国油页岩资源埋藏深、品位低、非均质性强的情况,可以考虑利用近临界水做热传导介质和水溶解性催化剂,对地下油页岩进行原位开采。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.