类志贺邻单胞菌噬菌体ФP4-7裂解酶Gp2的表达及活性测定

多重耐药菌株的出现给临床治疗带来了困难,噬菌体编码的裂解酶能够杀死病原菌,是潜在的重要杀菌因子.本实验采用PCR技术,扩增类志贺邻单胞菌(Plesiomonas shigelloides)噬菌体ФP4-7裂解酶gp2基因并克隆至质粒p QE30上进行表达,重组蛋白采用Ni-NTA亲和层析法进行纯化.重组裂解酶Gp2最适反应p H为9;裂解酶40,℃保温15,min,酶活剩余56.4%,.底物专一性实验结果显示,该裂解酶能够高效裂解5种革兰氏阴性菌,即铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)、摩氏摩根菌(Morganella morganii)、弗氏柠檬酸杆菌(Citrobacter freundii),以及3种革兰氏阳性菌,即金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、枯草芽胞杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、地衣芽胞杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis).杀菌实验结果表明,裂解酶Gp2可与EDTA、LAB-35以及SDS配合使用,进一步提高该酶对铜绿假单胞菌和枯草芽胞杆菌的杀菌活性.裂解酶Gp2具有高效广谱裂菌活性,具有潜在的应用价值.     

λ噬菌体切除酶基因Xis在大肠杆菌中的可溶性融合表达

λ噬菌体切除酶Xis(excisionase)是调控λ噬菌体溶源裂解转换过程中的一种重要蛋白质.通过密码子优化及两步法将来自λ噬菌体切除酶基因Xis在体外合成,然后克隆到带有类泛素蛋白SUMO标签的定向原核表达载体SUMO-p ETG上,测序正确后,然后转化至E.coli BL21(DE3)细胞可溶性表达.经SDS-PAGE及质谱检测证实表达蛋白确实为目的蛋白.该研究通过融合表达λ噬菌体切除酶Xis不仅解除了Xis对E.coli宿主细胞的毒害作用,而且实现在E.coli中的高水平可溶性表达.因此,Xis的大量制备,将会促进Gateway克隆技术的广泛应用.     

谷氨酸生产菌株T_(6—13)的噬菌体及其生物学特性

从山东鄄城味精厂周围环境和发酵裂解液中分离得到三株噬菌体(Tp—1、Tp—2、Tp—3).电镜观察表明三株噬菌体在形态上是相似的,头部呈多面体,尾部细长,无鞘,属于长尾噬菌体类.DNA 的 EcoR Ⅰ和 Pst Ⅰ酶切分析结果表明在噬菌体 Tp—1和 Tp—2之间有一定差异.同时对噬菌体的寄主范围,感染特性,热稳定性和 pH 稳定性作了分析.     

异柠檬酸裂解酶肽类抑制剂的优化筛选

利用噬菌体肽库筛选与计算机模拟分子对接技术, 优化异柠檬酸裂解酶肽类抑制剂的筛选. 先通过噬菌体肽库筛选出与异柠檬酸裂解酶（ICL）具有高亲和力的结合肽, 再利用Discovery Studio 2.1模拟多肽与ICL蛋白晶体（1F8I）的分子对接, 最后用Fmoc固相合成法合成多肽, 并对其生物活性进行检测. 实验结果表明, 通过噬菌体肽库筛选得到了29条七肽序列, 其中12条可与ICL蛋白晶体成功对接. 体外生物活性检测结果显示, 得到的12条七肽均对ICL的活性有明显抑制作用（抑制率均超过50%）.     

一株尿路致病性大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

本研究从尿路感染患者尿液样本中分离、鉴定大肠杆菌裂解性噬菌体,对其裂菌活性等生物学特性进行分析,为探索应用噬菌体治疗耐药性尿路致病性大肠杆菌导致的尿路感染奠定基础。利用双层琼脂平板法,从尿液样品中分离、纯化,得到一株能裂解大肠杆菌的噬菌体。通过电镜观察噬菌体形态,测定其裂菌谱、最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、以及热稳定性、紫外敏感性和氯仿敏感性等生物学特性。结果显示,成功分离、纯化得到一株能高效裂解大肠杆菌的噬菌体vB_EcoS_JA2,该噬菌体可形成圆形、透明、边缘整齐的噬菌斑;电镜观察噬菌体的头部呈六边形,含可收缩性尾部,尾部较长;一步生长曲线显示,该噬菌体的潜伏期为10 min、爆发期为60 min、裂解量高达124 PFU/Cell,其最佳感染复数为0.1;JA2具有较好的热稳定性,且对紫外线具有一定的抵抗力。分离鉴定的噬菌体JA2能裂解致病性大肠杆菌,具有稳定性好,抵抗力强的特点,为应用噬菌体治疗致病性大肠杆菌导致的尿路感染提供了新材料。     

一株新型溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C的生物学特性和全基因组分析

对一株溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C进行了生物学特性和全基因组序列的研究。经透射电镜观察可见,噬菌体φV039C头部为正廿面体结构,直径58.9 nm,具长105.2 nm的尾部;采用双层平板法检测,其最佳感染复数为0.1;通过一步生长曲线计算可得,噬菌体φV039C的潜伏期为20 min,爆发期为10 min,裂解量为163 pfu/cell;利用第三代单分子测序平台进行全基因组测序分析,其基因组全长43 405 bp,G+C含量为42.95%,74个开放阅读框（ORF）主要为噬菌体的结构、DNA复制和裂解有关的基因;在NCBI数据库中进行基因组比对,发现与其最接近的长尾噬菌体科的溶藻弧菌噬菌体NF和副溶血弧菌噬菌体Seahorse的覆盖率仅为11%（覆盖区域的相似度分别为92.2%和93.3%）,此外,基于裂解酶构建的系统进化树也表明,φV039C与二者处于距离最近的分支。由此得出,溶藻弧菌噬菌体φV039C是一株新型的噬菌体,分类上应归属有尾噬菌体目长尾噬菌体科。     

细菌菌蜕的研究进展

细菌菌蜕是革兰阴性细菌被噬菌体PhiX174的裂解基因E裂解后形成的完整细菌空壳.这种基因灭活过程其内外膜结构保持良好,不会引起细菌表面结构的任何物理化学变化,可作为递送系统和疫苗使用,在疾病的预防和治疗方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

多杀性巴氏杆菌幽灵的研究

采用基因工程方法,将PhiX174噬菌体裂解基因E和温敏控制表达系统与质粒pPBA1100基因杂交,构建了重组子pPBA1100-E.将重组子转化到多杀性巴氏杆菌中,通过温度诱导使裂解基因表达.用限制性内切酶检验重组子.扫描电镜观察多杀性巴氏杆菌细菌幽灵和菌落形成单位评价遗传灭活率.结果表明:重组质粒经限制性内切酶酶切鉴定,琼脂糖电泳呈现三条谱带,相对分子质量与理论值一致.扫描电镜观察显示,重组子在多杀性巴氏杆菌中成功表达,获得了细菌幽灵.菌落形成单位检验结果显示,多杀性巴氏杆菌遗传灭活率达到99%.     

鸡白痢沙门氏菌O_(12)特异性噬菌体的分离及生物学特性研究

采用双层平板培养法从成都某养鸡场的污水样本中分离得到一株鸡白痢沙门氏菌O12(宿主菌)的噬菌体(Ph-1),并对菌斑形态及理化特性进行了初步研究.试验结果显示,纯化后该噬菌体的噬菌斑直径约3mm;经高于60℃温度处理1h后噬菌体失活;PH5-7时该噬菌体可保持较高效价和较强的紫外线耐受性;该噬菌体的最佳感染复数(MOI)为0.01-0.001;一步生长曲线显示该噬菌体的潜伏期为40min,裂解期持续60min.     

肠杆菌科分型诊断噬菌体的临床应用

噬菌体裂解试验用于肠杆菌科分型诊断,与常规鉴定方法相比,简便、快速、特异,具有较高的应用价值。     

噬菌体展示肽库技术及其在分子病原细菌学研究中的应用

从噬菌体展示技术的基本原理、肽库的构建、噬菌体肽库的分类、噬菌体肽库的筛选方法等方面,综述了噬菌体展示肽库技术;从抗原表位研究、免疫诊断研究、基因疫苗研究、抗菌药物的靶向投递等方面,阐述了噬菌体展示肽库技术在分子病原细菌学中的应用;并对今后的研究方向进行了展望.     

噬菌体抗体库的构建

噬菌体抗体库技术是近年来非常活跃的一个研究领域,本文主要讨论噬菌体抗体库构建中一些关键的问题。     

酶体外定向进化(Ⅲ)展示技术及其应用

利用展示技术构建的蛋白质／多肽的突变体库，可以通过高通量进行高效地分析和筛选，因此特别适用于改造蛋白质．文中综述噬菌体、细胞表面、核糖体、mRNA等展示技术的原理和方法，以及其在酶定向进化中的应用．     

Preparation and properties of bacteriophage-borne enzyme degrading bacterial exopolysaccharide

Bacteriophages infected different serotypes of Klebsiella were isolated from sewage. Among them, a heatstable polysaccharide depolymerase enzyme which could degrade bacterial exopolysaccharide effectively was prepared from the phage infecting Klebsiella K13. Treatment at 60℃ for 30 min could inactivate most of the K13 phage, with the titration decreasing from 6.4×10^8 PFU/mL to 1.6×10^6 PFU/mL. However, no obvious loss of phage enzyme activity was found after this treatment. The optimum hydrolytic temperature of phage enzyme was 60℃, with an activity 57 % higher than that at 30℃. The addition of phage enzyme could result in a rapid decrease of viscosity of exopolysaccharide （EPS） solution within minutes, indicating that K13 phage polysaccharide depolymerase acts as a kind of endo-glycanohydrolase. HPLC and reducing sugar analysis showed that the hydrolysis of EPS approached approximately the maxi-mum at 4h when the final concentration of phage was 6.0 x los PFU/mL. The results showed that K/eb-siella K13 phage depolymerase enzyme could be used as a good tool for the preparation of EPS oligosac- charide.     

基因工程抗体

目的 :了解新一代抗体的研究状况。方法 :通过计算机数据库检索相关文献 ,作出综合评述。结果 :利用基因工程技术制备的抗体为新一代的抗体 ,包括人源化的鼠源性抗体、重组抗体片段、转基因动物抗体、植物抗体和噬菌体抗体。结论 :基因工程抗体在疾病的诊断和预防 ,特别是治疗方面有广阔的应用前景。     

Prisoner's dilemma in an RNA virus

The evolution of competitive interactions among viruses was studied in the RNA phage phi6 at high and low multiplicities of infection (that is, at high and low ratios of infecting phage to host cells). At high multiplicities, many phage infect and reproduce in the same host cell, whereas at low multiplicities the viruses reproduce mainly as clones. An unexpected result of this study was that phage grown at high rates of co-infection increased in fitness initially, but then evolved lowered fitness. Here we show that the fitness of the high-multiplicity phage relative to their ancestors generates a pay-off matrix conforming to the prisoner's dilemma strategy of game theory. In this strategy, defection (selfishness) evolves, despite the greater fitness pay-off that would result if all players were to cooperate. Viral cooperation and defection can be defined as, respectively, the manufacturing and sequestering of diffusible (shared) intracellular products. Because the low-multiplicity phage did not evolve lowered fitness, we attribute the evolution of selfishness to the lack of clonal structure and the mixing of unrelated genotypes at high multiplicity.     

Genome-wide expression dynamics of a marine virus and host reveal features of co-evolution

Interactions between bacterial hosts and their viruses (phages) lead to reciprocal genome evolution through a dynamic co-evolutionary process. Phage-mediated transfer of host genes--often located in genome islands--has had a major impact on microbial evolution. Furthermore, phage genomes have clearly been shaped by the acquisition of genes from their hosts. Here we investigate whole-genome expression of a host and phage, the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus MED4 and the T7-like cyanophage P-SSP7, during lytic infection, to gain insight into these co-evolutionary processes. Although most of the phage genome was linearly transcribed over the course of infection, four phage-encoded bacterial metabolism genes formed part of the same expression cluster, even though they are physically separated on the genome. These genes--encoding photosystem II D1 (psbA), high-light inducible protein (hli), transaldolase (talC) and ribonucleotide reductase (nrd)--are transcribed together with phage DNA replication genes and seem to make up a functional unit involved in energy and deoxynucleotide production for phage replication in resource-poor oceans. Also unique to this system was the upregulation of numerous genes in the host during infection. These may be host stress response genes and/or genes induced by the phage. Many of these host genes are located in genome islands and have homologues in cyanophage genomes. We hypothesize that phage have evolved to use upregulated host genes, leading to their stable incorporation into phage genomes and their subsequent transfer back to hosts in genome islands. Thus activation of host genes during infection may be directing the co-evolution of gene content in both host and phage genomes.     

Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection

Cyanobacteria, and the viruses (phages) that infect them, are significant contributors to the oceanic 'gene pool'. This pool is dynamic, and the transfer of genetic material between hosts and their phages probably influences the genetic and functional diversity of both. For example, photosynthesis genes of cyanobacterial origin have been found in phages that infect Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the numerically dominant phototrophs in ocean ecosystems. These genes include psbA, which encodes the photosystem II core reaction centre protein D1, and high-light-inducible (hli) genes. Here we show that phage psbA and hli genes are expressed during infection of Prochlorococcus and are co-transcribed with essential phage capsid genes, and that the amount of phage D1 protein increases steadily over the infective period. We also show that the expression of host photosynthesis genes declines over the course of infection and that replication of the phage genome is a function of photosynthesis. We thus propose that the phage genes are functional in photosynthesis and that they may be increasing phage fitness by supplementing the host production of these proteins.     

大肠杆菌噬菌体的分离鉴定及生物学特性分析

利用野生型大肠杆菌MG1655为宿主菌,从下水道污水中分离得到一株噬菌体,编号为Phage 1.其噬菌斑大小为3～4mm,透射电镜观察发现该噬菌体有正多面体头部和弯曲尾部,属于长尾科噬菌体.对该噬菌体的生物学特性包括最佳感染复数、一步生长曲线、温度、氯仿、pH进行检测,结果显示该噬菌体的潜伏期为10min,繁殖周期为20min,对温度、氯仿以及pH耐受性良好.经基因组测序鉴定,该噬菌体为E.coli T1噬菌体.