Molecular mechanisms of nociception

The sensation of pain alerts us to real or impending injury and triggers appropriate protective responses. Unfortunately, pain often outlives its usefulness as a warning system and instead becomes chronic and debilitating. This transition to a chronic phase involves changes within the spinal cord and brain, but there is also remarkable modulation where pain messages are initiated - at the level of the primary sensory neuron. Efforts to determine how these neurons detect pain-producing stimuli of a thermal, mechanical or chemical nature have revealed new signalling mechanisms and brought us closer to understanding the molecular events that facilitate transitions from acute to persistent pain.     

漆酶的分子生物学研究及其应用

白腐菌所分泌的木质素降解酶主要有3种：木质素过氧化物酶、锰依赖过氧化物酶和漆酶．漆酶是近年来研究较多的一种含铜的多酚氧化酶，在白腐菌中普遍存在，也存在于少数低等真菌和植物中．漆酶多为酸性蛋白，含4个铜离子，形成3个活性区域；表面一些氨基酸被不同程度地糖基化．漆酶可催化的底物迭250种，铜离子结合区域在其催化氧化过程中起决定性作用．运用PCR技术cDNA文库技术，越来越多的漆酶基因被克隆，目前已克隆到的漆酶基因有大约20个．许多来源地基因都是以家族地形式存在于染色体上的．已研究的漆酶基因中都含有10个左右的内含子，这些内含子在活性域位置上有比较高的保守性．一些特珠序列存在与否决定了该酶的表达形式-诱导型或组合型．目前已有部分漆酶基因的异源表达获得成功．本文还介绍了漆酶在环境保护、造纸工业、食品工业等方面的应用．对近年来漆酶的研究进展进行了综述．     

Emerging clinical applications of RNA

RNA is a versatile biological macromolecule that is crucial in mobilizing and interpreting our genetic information. It is not surprising then that researchers have sought to exploit the inherent properties of RNAs so as to interfere with or repair dysfunctional nucleic acids or proteins and to stimulate the production of therapeutic gene products in a variety of pathological situations. The first generation of the resulting RNA therapeutics are now being evaluated in clinical trials, raising significant interest in this emerging area of medical research.     

运动细胞初始极化阶段胞内信号分子双向积聚的分子机制及动态数值模拟

真核细胞（Eukaryotes）,如盘基网柄菌细胞（Dictyo stelium）和白细胞（Leukocyte）等,受到前方传来的外信号刺激后,胞内物质发生两种方向相反的运动：胞质中与质膜结合的磷酸激酶PI3K及其在质膜上的生成物磷脂酰肌醇-3,4,5-三磷酸PI（3,4,5）P3以向前扩散的方式积聚到前沿;而胞质中与质膜结合的磷酸酶PTEN及其在质膜上的生成物磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-双磷酸PI（4,5）P2以向后扩散的方式积聚到质膜的后边.通过这种＂双向积聚＂,细胞形成头部和尾部,并在前沿生出伪足,完成初始极化.本文根据已知的实验,分析了＂双向积聚＂的分子机制,建立了相应的数学模型,通过数值模拟加以分析.以胞内被激活的小G蛋白（Rac）为触发信号,其梯度与外信号场的梯度一致;PI3K和PTEN作为调控因子,PI（3,4,5）P3和PI（4,5）P2作为标识细胞极化的信号分子,它们的浓度变化由一组耦合的非稳态二维反应-扩散方程描述.该反应-扩散体系源项中包含：PI（3,4,5）P3对PI3K,PI（4,5）P2对PTEN的识别和结合过程,是由蒙特-卡诺（Monte-Carlo）法处理;质膜结合态PI3K和PTEN对PI（3,4,5）P3和PI（4,5）P2施加的酶催化作用,由Michaelis-Menten动力学过程描述.反应-扩散方程组采用格子Boltzmann方法进行数值求解.数值试验显示,产生＂双向积聚＂的关键是受外信号梯度刺激后的胞内信号分子相互激发或抑制所形成的正反馈或负反馈回路：给细胞质膜头部一个较高的Rac激活率,Rac→PI3K？PI（3,4,5）P3将形成短程正反馈回路（亦即＂局部激励＂）,引起PI3K和PI（3,4,5）P3快速在细胞头部积聚;头部PI（3,4,5）P3增多,限制了PTEN与PI（4,5）P2结合,使得PI（3,4,5）P3？PTEN→PI（4,5）P2形成长程负反馈回路（亦即＂全局抑制＂）;引起PTEN和PI（4,5）P2慢慢在细胞尾部积聚.同时发现,PI3K和PTEN含量对细胞极化有明显的影响,并存在使细胞正确极化的最佳值.     

Molecular mechanisms that confer antibacterial drug resistance

Antibiotics--compounds that are literally 'against life'--are typically antibacterial drugs, interfering with some structure or process that is essential to bacterial growth or survival without harm to the eukaryotic host harbouring the infecting bacteria. We live in an era when antibiotic resistance has spread at an alarming rate and when dire predictions concerning the lack of effective antibacterial drugs occur with increasing frequency. In this context it is apposite to ask a few simple questions about these life-saving molecules. What are antibiotics? Where do they come from? How do they work? Why do they stop being effective? How do we find new antibiotics? And can we slow down the development of antibiotic-resistant superbugs?     

Molecular mechanisms of kinetochore capture by spindle microtubules

For high-fidelity chromosome segregation, kinetochores must be properly captured by spindle microtubules, but the mechanisms underlying initial kinetochore capture have remained elusive. Here we visualized individual kinetochore-microtubule interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by regulating the activity of a centromere. Kinetochores are captured by the side of microtubules extending from spindle poles, and are subsequently transported poleward along them. The microtubule extension from spindle poles requires microtubule plus-end-tracking proteins and the Ran GDP/GTP exchange factor. Distinct kinetochore components are used for kinetochore capture by microtubules and for ensuring subsequent sister kinetochore bi-orientation on the spindle. Kar3, a kinesin-14 family member, is one of the regulators that promote transport of captured kinetochores along microtubules. During such transport, kinetochores ensure that they do not slide off their associated microtubules by facilitating the conversion of microtubule dynamics from shrinkage to growth at the plus ends. This conversion is promoted by the transport of Stu2 from the captured kinetochores to the plus ends of microtubules.     

Molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization using the beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system as a model

Desensitization, the tendency of biological responses to wane over time despite the continuous presence of a stimulus of constant intensity, is observed in organisms as diverse as bacteria and mammals. Recently, new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena have emerged from the study of the receptors coupled to the ubiquitous second messenger-generating system adenylate cyclase. These mechanisms involve sequestration or down-regulation of the receptors from the cell surface as well as functionally significant covalent modifications of the receptors and/or guanine nucleotide regulatory proteins.     

Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease

The retina has long been regarded as 'an approachable part of the brain' for investigating neurosensory processes. Cell biologists are now capitalizing on the accessibility of the retina to investigate important aspects of developmental angiogenesis, including how it relates to neuronal and glial development, morphogenesis, oxygen sensing and progenitor cells. Pathological angiogenesis also occurs in the retina and is a major feature of leading blinding diseases, particularly diabetic retinopathy. The retina and its clinical disorders have a pivotal role in angiogenesis research and provide model systems in which to investigate neurovascular relationships and angiogenic diseases.     

分子电子学与分子电子器件

介绍了分子电子学与分子器件研究领域的最新进展,展望了分子电子学的发展前景,提出了一些新的想法和建议。     

纳米TiO2的性能及应用

介绍了纳米TiO2的制备、超亲水性、光催化机理以及光催化活性，同时介绍了纳米TiO2在环境净化方面的应用，并揭示了今后的研究方向。     

L距离及其应用

文中定义了L距离,讨论了它的性质,指出了应用L距离对高校教师学术水平进行聚类分析的合理性。     

RuH2分子结构与分子光谱

使用钌原子相对论有效原子实势LanL2dz和密度泛函理论B3LYP方法对RuH2分子结构与分子光谱进行理论研究,结果表明RuH2分子基态为角形C2v结构,基态电子态为3A2,平衡几何为R Ru-H=0.157 4 nm,∠HRuH=74.73°,同时计算给出各种稳定结构的振动频率、红外强度、拉曼活性、退极化率和偶极矩.     

苯甲基化木材溶液相对分子质量及其分布

以四氢呋喃为溶剂将苯甲基化木粉溶液化，并利用凝胶渗透色谱考察了不同溶液化条件对液化产品的分子量及分子量分布的影响。实验结果表明，木材经苯甲基化改性后，其溶解性能得到很大的提高，在该实验条件下，苯甲基化木材的增重率是影响液化产品分子量及分子量分布的主要因素，且增重为142．5％的木粉，其液化产品分子量分布较窄；在此增重条件下，溶剂用量增大会导致液化产品分子量增大，分布变窄；催化剂的选择直接影响了苯甲基化木材的溶液化历程，相同用量时，盐酸作催化剂液化产品的分子量较低且分布较窄；溶液化时间对液化产品的分子量及其分布影响较小。     

新型图像传感器ICCD的原理及应用

综述了新型图像传感器ICCD的工作原理及性能。对CCD的结构以及在CCD基础上发展起来的ICCD的结构和性能进行了具体说明。介绍了ICCD技术在国内外的发展现状及将来的发展趋势,包括国外ICCD生产厂家的产品性能优缺点,国内研制ICCD的主要技术瓶颈和目前所能达到的水平。说明了ICCD的应用领域以及在科学研究上的成功范例。     

Synthesis and medical applications of oligosaccharides

Our understanding of the different glycoconjugates present on cells, proteins and entire organisms is lagging far behind advances in genomics and proteomics. Carbohydrate sequencing and the synthesis of defined oligosaccharides are two key technologies that have contributed to progress in glycomics research. Synthetic tools and high-throughput experiments such as carbohydrate arrays are beginning to affect biological research. These techniques are now being applied to the development of carbohydrate-based diagnostics, vaccines and therapeutics.     

Gemini表面活性剂的合成及应用概述

表面活性剂由于具有良好的表面性能及应用性能而被广泛应用于食品、医药、化工、油田化学品等众多领域。结合国内外的研究情况,根据极性头的电荷性质来分类,对Gemini表面活性剂合成线路做了全面介绍,并根据它的作用对其应用做了全面论述。