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1.
南京北郊PM2.5中含碳物质和水溶性离子的污染特性   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了解南京市北郊四季细粒子中含碳组分与水溶性离子的污染特征及影响因素,于2012年8月~2013年6月期间在南京北郊采样点采集PM2.5样品。利用DRI Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)进行了测定。结果显示,PM2.5、OC、EC的质量浓度均是冬季最高、夏季最低,PM2.5的日平均值为122.7±75.2μg/m3,OC和EC的日平均值分别为(15.4±8.0)μg/m3和(3.6±1.8)μg/m3,含碳物质占PM2.5总质量的11%~40%。OC与EC在秋季和冬季有较好的相关性(r2分别为0.86和0.83),表明其来源相似;春季和夏季的相关性较低(r2分别为0.47和0.53),可能原因是有较多二次有机碳(SOC)生成致其来源复杂。利用EC示踪法对SOC的含量进行了估算,夏季SOC占OC的比例最高,达到了44.6%,可见高温与强烈的光照有利于SOC的形成。利用戴安离子色谱对PM2.5中的阴离子SO42-、NO3-、F-、Cl-、HCOO-、CH3COO-和C2O42-,阳离子Na+、NH4+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+进行分析,结果表明,水溶性离子占PM2.5总质量的20%~60%,SO42-、NO3-、NH4+二次离子是南京市郊PM2.5中主要的无机离子。  相似文献   

2.
该文介绍了PM2.5细粒子污染重要的空气质量指示意义.利用2010年~2011年福州市PM2.5观测资料,分析了福州市细粒子污染的分布状况、主要特征及与气象条件的关系.结果表明:福州市PM2.5年平均浓度接近新标准规定的35ug/m3,污染程度较轻;月平均浓度峰值出现在5月,谷值出现在7月;季节分布高低排序为春季>冬季>秋季>夏季,春季污染最严重,一级超标率达72.7%,夏季最轻;日分布呈单峰型,中午前后浓度最高;PM2.5浓度月季分布特征明显,说明PM2.5浓度变化与天气条件关系密切.  相似文献   

3.
为了解重庆万州区PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的污染特征,于2012—2013年分4个季节采集了PM2.5样品,并分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度。结果显示,在采样期间,万州区PM2.5中OC和EC的年平均质量浓度分别为29.72μg·m-3和8.42μg·m-3,OC和EC浓度之和达PM2.5的27.25%。OC浓度的季节变化趋势由高到低分别为冬季、秋季、春季和夏季,EC在冬季浓度最高,其他季节浓度变化不大。OC和EC在4个季节都有较好的相关性(r为0.67~0.84),其中,冬季相关性(r=0.84)最高,秋季相关性(r=0.67)最差,这与污染物来源复杂有关。应用OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC年平均浓度为13.79μg·m-3,占OC含量的46.72%,冬季SOC的浓度远高于其他季节,冬季较高的OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中SOC的生成。  相似文献   

4.
通过实验采样分析,研究了西安市冬季不同空气质量级别(HJ 633—2012)下PM2.5质量浓度及化学组分的变化特征和污染规律。结果表明,西安市2008—2009年冬季所有采样天均为轻度污染到严重污染状况,PM2.5质量浓度100%未达标(GB3095—2012);PM2.5质量浓度及其化学组分基本随空气质量级别恶化而增加,除个别元素外,其他化学组分的质量浓度在严重污染时均出现突增,有机碳(4.5倍)和水溶性无机离子(2.7倍)的增加倍数较大;随大气污染程度的增加,人为源的重金属富集因子增加剧烈(1.6~2.0倍),而主要来自自然源的元素富集因子变化无规律;重污染时期PM2.5中的多环芳烃(PAHs)、正构烷烃(nalkanes)均主要来自人为源排放贡献,其中生物质燃烧、低温燃煤排放是PAHs剧增的主要因素。  相似文献   

5.
为了解重庆万州区PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的污染特征,于2012—2013年分4个季节采集了 PM2.5样品,并分析了其中有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的浓度。结果显示,在采样期间,万州区 PM2.5中 OC 和 EC 的年平均质量浓度分别为 29.72 μg·m-3和 8.42μg·m-3,OC和 EC浓度之和占到 PM2.5中 27.25%。OC浓度的季节变化趋势由高到低分别为冬季、秋季、春季和夏季,EC在冬季浓度最高,其他季节浓度变化不大。OC和 EC在 4个季节都有较好的相关性(r为 0.67~0.84),其中,冬季相关性最高(r=0.84),秋季相关性(r=0.67)最差,这与污染物来源复杂有关。应用 OC/EC比值法对二次有机碳(SOC)进行估算,SOC年平均浓度为 13.79 μg·m-3,占 OC含量的 46.72%,冬季 SOC的浓度远高于其他季节,冬季较高的 OC排放及较低的大气扩散能力利于碳气溶胶中 SOC 的生成。
  相似文献   

6.
于2009年10月至2010年8月间采集郑州市大气颗粒物PM2.5与PM10样品,对其质量浓度及水溶性离子进行分析研究.结果表明:PM2.5在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为134.9、121.6、77.9和102.0μg/m3,PM10在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为193.2、184.0、140.9和140.5μg/m3,日均值超标率分别达77.8%和59%.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度呈现很好的相关性,春季粗粒子在PM10中的比例相对较高,而秋、冬和夏季细粒子是PM10的主要组成部分.主要的水溶性离子是SO2-4、NO-3和NH+4,大部分以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;NO-3和SO2-4质量比小于1,说明采样期间郑州市大气以固定排放源污染为主.  相似文献   

7.
利用AMA 254测汞仪分析了淮南市大气颗粒物中的汞含量,分析其分布的季节特征。研究结果表明:大气PM10和PM2.5颗粒物中汞的质量浓度季节变化为:冬季夏季春季秋季,体积浓度变化为:冬季秋季春季夏季。相关性分析中表明,大气中颗粒态汞主要富集在PM2.5中。  相似文献   

8.
通过银川市2015年空气污染物质量浓度值分析,结果表明,PM10和PM2.5的浓度变化具有明显的季节特征和区域特征。PM10质量浓度春季高于夏季,秋季最低,PM10月均质量浓度变化均为1月份最大,9月份最小;PM10分指数等级冬季最差,PM10分指数等级秋季好于夏季;4#监测点各个季节PM10浓度均表现为最高。  相似文献   

9.
于2009年10月至2010年8月间采集郑州市大气颗粒物PM2.5与PM10样品,对其质量浓度及水溶性离子进行分析研究.结果表明:PM2.5在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为134.9、121.6、77.9和102.0μg/m^3,PM10在秋、冬、春、夏四季的质量浓度的平均值分别为193.2、184.0、140.9和140.5μg/m^3,日均值超标率分别达77.8%和59%.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度呈现很好的相关性,春季粗粒子在PM10中的比例相对较高,而秋、冬和夏季细粒子是PM10的主要组成部分.主要的水溶性离子是SO4^2-、NO3^-和NH4^+,大部分以(NH4)2SO4和NH4NO3形式存在;NO3^-和SO4^2-质量比小于1,说明采样期间郑州市大气以固定排放源污染为主.  相似文献   

10.
北京市夏季大气气溶胶 PM2.5和 PM10成分特征?   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
对北京市城区2012年夏季大气对气溶胶进行每日PM2.5和PM10石英膜采样,得到了可溶性离子质量浓度和16种元素的质量浓度,并结合气象观测值进行了分析.结果显示,采样期间,PM2.5质量浓度为9.58~210.42μg·m-3,平均值102.81μg·m-3;PM10质量浓度为33.75~288.33μg·m-3,平均值159.66μg·m-3.PM2.5和PM10质量浓度都与采样点能见度、风速呈负相关,与相对湿度呈正相关.质子荧光分析(PIXE)结果显示,S、K、Ca和Fe在PIXE可分析元素中含量较高,在PM2.5和PM10都占89%.且元素Ca、Ti、Sc、Cr、Fe主要存在于粗粒子(PM2.5~10)中,而元素S、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Pb主要存在于细粒子(PM2.5)中.富集因子分析表明,元素K、Ca、Ti、V、Mn、Ni主要为地壳来源,元素S、Cl、Cu、Zn、As、Br、Pb主要来自于人为源.SO2-4、NO-3、NH+43种可溶性离子总质量浓度占PM2.5浓度的43.5%,占PM10浓度的25.4%.  相似文献   

11.
Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.  相似文献   

12.
何延凌 《科技信息》2008,(4):258-258
Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women's language from these perspectives: pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women's language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What's more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.  相似文献   

13.
There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.  相似文献   

14.
The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3~4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰~ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰~ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084~0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078~0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.  相似文献   

15.
理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。  相似文献   

16.
王慧 《科技信息》2008,(10):240-240
Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte's only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.  相似文献   

17.
The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.  相似文献   

18.
As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.  相似文献   

19.
In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.  相似文献   

20.
1 Rise of studies on climate change's effects on biodiversity
Until the 1980s, climate change and biodiversity were studied as two independent disciplines for more than a century. In 1992, the Ecological Society of America's annual report named climate change, biodiversity, and the sustainable ecological system as the three major global environmental issues of the twenty-first century [1].  相似文献   

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