细小弥散碳化物与回火马氏体脆性

本文利用透射电子显微镜及物理化学相分析技术研究了中碳硅—锰钢中回火马氏体脆性(TME)的微观机制,着重探讨了回火过程中析出的碳化物对TME的作用。结果发现,对应于40Si2Mn2钢中TME产生的回火温度区间,存在有由碳化物向渗碳体的转变,析出了细小弥散的颗粒状渗碳体。这种对应现象在40Si2Mn2Mo钢中也得到证实。40Si2Mn2Mo钢的TME产生的回火温度和弥散渗碳体的析出温度都要高于40Si2Mn2钢。由此得出:在回火过程中大量细小弥散渗碳体的析出是中碳硅—锰钢中TME产生的一个重要原因。     

55NiCrMoV7回火钢的组织定量分析

通过SEM、TEM、XRD、图像定量分析和维氏硬度测量。定量研究了55NiCrMoV7钢在100～700℃、90s-665h之间回火的组织和硬度变化．结果表明。钢中的原奥氏体晶粒、马氏体板条不因回火过程而改变。回火析出碳化物的体积分数在一定回火温度时间范围内保持恒定。但是碳化物的形态和尺寸随回火工艺而改变．     

Q&P钢配分过程中的组织演变

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射和电子探针等研究了0.2C--1.51Si--1.84Mn钢在配分阶段组织的演变情况.配分温度为400℃时,碳在10 s时就可以完成配分,得到残余奥氏体最大体积分数为13.4%.随着配分时间的增长,钢中马氏体发生回火现象,奥氏体发生分解,强度、延伸率降低.当配分时间达到1000 s时,屈服强度、延伸率突然升高.分析认为马氏体回火带来的塑性提高抵消了残余奥氏体量减少引起的塑性降低,并且由于渗碳体和碳化物的析出,变形时阻碍位错的运动,从而提高了屈服强度.通过电子探针分析说明配分阶段发生了碳的扩散,随着配分时间的增长,发生了渗碳体和碳化物的析出,降低了残余奥氏体中碳的含量.     

Si-Mn-Mo-V钢在淬火和低温回火状态下的脆化与韧化

本文利用冲击韧性试验、扫描电镜、离子探针及俄歇谱议等手段研究讨论了合金元素Si和Mn对Si-Mn-Mo-V钢在淬火和低温回火状态下韧性的影响规律。研究结果表明:当钢中不含Si或含有少量Si面单独加入Mn,则由于Mn-P在晶界共偏析的原因,使P在晶界的浓度大为增加,导致了钢在淬火和低温回火状态下沿晶断裂的发生,从而降低了钢的韧性水平。在高Mn(2％Mn)钢中加入Si,由于Si在晶界的富集及Si-P的相互排斥作用,使P在晶界的偏析浓度下降。从而在一定程度上抑制了晶界脆性的发展和晶界断裂的发生,使钢的韧性水平显著提高。 本文还研究了Si和Mn对Si-Mn-Mo-V钢低温回火脆性(350℃脆性)的影响。实验结果表明:低温回火脆性既与杂质元素的晶界偏析有关,又与ε碳化物向渗碳体转化及渗碳体沿原奥氏体晶界成薄片状析出有关,由于Si和Mn既能影响杂质元素,特别是P在晶界的偏聚,又能影响ε碳化物向渗碳体转化,故Si和Mn对Si-Mn-Mo-V钢低温回火脆性发生的温度和强烈程度均有显著的影响。     

Al对淬回火H11钢力学性能和碳化物的影响

研究了Al质量分数为0.77％及不含Al的H11钢在不同淬回火处理工艺下的硬度和冲击功的变化规律,并对两种钢原始退火态、1060℃淬火、1060℃淬火+510℃回火、1060℃淬火+560℃回火和1060℃淬火+600℃回火处理后的试样进行碳化物萃取,同时借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了Al对H11钢中碳化物形态及类型的影响.结果表明:(1)Al能提高H11钢的冲击韧性和回火硬度,但会使淬火硬度有所降低.(2)Al可以促进H11钢淬火过程中碳化物的溶解和元素的均匀分布.(3)Al会阻碍H11钢回火过程中碳化物的析出和聚集,这种作用在560℃以下回火时更加显著.(4)Al可以使H11钢回火时的(Fe,Cr)2C、MoC、Cr7C3类碳化物更加稳定,抑制(Fe,Cr)3C、Mo2C和Cr23C6类碳化物的析出,这是因为Al可以阻碍H11钢中碳及合金元素在回火过程中的聚集.     

强磁场对高铬钢中碳化物低温回火析出的影响

借助透射电镜、维氏硬度仪及计算机模拟,研究了外加强磁场对高铬钢中碳化物低温回火析出的影响。结果表明,试验钢分别在无磁场及外加磁场强度为12T的条件下于200℃回火60min时均有M3C型碳化物析出;在外加磁场作用下,试验钢中析出的M3C型碳化物数密度相比无外加磁场作用时的相应值显著增加,但试验钢显微硬度未发生明显改变。     

回火工艺对热轧高强贝氏体钢轨组织和力学性能的影响

本文研究了不同回火工艺条件下热轧态U25CrNi高强贝氏体钢轨的组织与力学性能变化。结果表明,试验钢热轧态和回火组织均由贝氏体、马氏体和残余奥氏体构成。当回火条件为300℃×200min时,试验钢中部分残余奥氏体发生贝氏体相变,钢的各项力学性能变化不大;当回火温度升至400℃时,试验钢中残余奥氏体体积分数较大,碳化物析出量较少,内应力进一步释放,试验钢的延伸率和冲击吸收功达到最大值,同温度下延长回火时间至360min,钢中碳化物颗粒析出增多,延伸率和冲击性能明显降低;当回火温度为500℃时,试验钢中贝氏体铁素体明显粗化,并伴随大量碳化物颗粒析出,残余奥氏体大量分解,出现了回火脆性。综合考虑,U25CrNi热轧高强贝氏体钢轨的最佳回火工艺为400℃×200min。     

低合金高速钢回火过程的透射电镜研究

高速钢回火过程中组织变化十分复杂,本文用透射电子显微镜对低合金高速钢W3Mo2Cr4V的回火过程进行了研究。结果表明:该钢560℃回火时主要析出MC型和M_3C型碳化物,其中MC呈盘状,M_3C呈微细粒状,钢中加入硅,显著抑制了合金渗碳体的形成,并加速其向MC和M_7C_3碳化物的转变。     

无Co超高强高韧马氏体钢回火微观结构的穆斯堡尔谱

用Mssbauer谱学对新型无Co高强高韧钢在不同温度回火后的超精细场分布进行了研究,得出了合金元素的分布,碳化物和奥氏体量随回火温度的变化规律·结果表明,新型无Co高强高韧钢在低温回火阶段析出的主要是ε碳化物,且随回火温度的升高析出量增加,这增强了抵抗回火软化的能力·残余奥氏体量随回火温度的升高略有分解,不过奥氏体量仍较高从而提高了钢的韧性·随着回火温度升高,合金元素分布有所不同,其中在220℃以上回火,FeCNi(1)原子组态有明显增加,致使屈服强度有所回升     

钢的成分回火温度与硬度间的多元回归模型

在充分研究了强碳化物形成元素对合金钢回火转变的影响机理和规律基础之上,利用计算机对强碳化物形成元素,回火温度(400℃～77℃)与钢间的关系进行了多元回归分析.所建立的多元回归方法具有很高的显著性(α=0.01),可依据合金元素的种类、含量及回火温度较精确地预测钢的硬度,并为合金成分的设计和回火工艺的制订提供了理论指导.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the