青藏高原东缘岩石圈及软流圈结构

青藏高原东缘岩石圈及软流圈结构的研究是认识该区域地壳上地幔的构造形变及高原内部物质向东运移的重要手段。通过搜集四川区域数字地震台站和野外临时地震台站记录的观测资料,采用接收函数共转换点(CCP)偏移叠加成像方法对青藏高原东缘深部结构研究。研究结果揭示:青藏高原东缘的地壳厚度比四川盆地的地壳厚度大10~20km;在青藏高原东缘与四川盆地的过渡地带,莫霍面处存在大幅度的垂向错断和变形。从青藏高原东缘到四川盆地,岩石圈与软流圈分界面(LAB)显示出深度逐步增加、410km间断面深度则有变浅的趋势。在地壳的下界面和LAB界面间以及LAB界面与410km间断面间也存在多条不连续的分层。青藏高原东缘和四川盆地的LAB界面的下方都有明显的低速层分布,但它们之间存在差别,四川盆地的LAB界面的下方低速层分布较为完整,而青藏高原东缘LAB界面下方的低速层分布中可见离散的高速块体分布。青藏高原东缘与四川盆地深部结构的明显差异,体现了该地区的深部地球动力学背景的复杂性。     

中国大陆东部地区及朝鲜半岛上地幔深部间断面和各向异性

使用中国国家地震台网、区域内美国IRIS台站和日本OHP台站,收集到超过三年的震级大于6级的全球范围内的宽频带地震资料,采用接收函数和SKS分裂分析技术,研究了中国大陆东部地区及朝鲜半岛上地幔深部间断面和各向异性。在中国东北地区、华北地区及朝鲜半岛下方,存在大范围的更浅的"410km"间断面和更深的"660km"间断面,该特征与太平洋滞留板块的作用密切相关。区域内的上地幔各向异性主要由上地幔流引起,该地幔流与欧亚板块和太平洋板块相对运动有关,而SKS快轴方向的空间分布揭示了这种复杂的运动模式.     

利用接收函数方法研究大盈江断裂两侧S波速度结构

 利用研究区(24.2°~25.2°N,97.5°~98.5°E)内大盈江断裂两侧5个流动数字地震台站记录到的宽频带远震P波波形数据进行接收函数反演,得到台站下方0~100km深度范围内地壳、上地幔S波速度细结构.结果表明:研究区内,以大盈江断裂为界,其西北侧Moho面深度约为38km;东南侧Moho面深度为40~42km.断裂两侧地壳、上地幔S波速度结构存在显著差异,东南侧台站下方地壳和上地幔均存在大范围低速区;西北侧台站下方地壳内存在低速层,而上地幔中无明显低速层.研究区内的S波速度结构存在明显的横向非均匀性.     

库区几何要素对溃坝洪水特性影响的模拟研究

为了研究水库蓄水深度、水库宽度和长度等库区几何要素对溃坝洪水特性的影响,采用Flow-3D建立了数值水槽模型。通过物理模型实验验证了模拟值的合理性。随后,进行了一系列数值模拟。结果表明,各观测断面的洪峰流量、最大水深和溃坝波速随水库深度的增加而增加,峰现时间也随之提前。各观测断面的洪峰流量随水库宽度增加而增加,而最大水深、溃坝波速和峰现时间基本不变。沿程各断面洪峰流量随着水库长度的增加而增加,而溃坝波速、坝址断面洪峰流量和洪峰时间基本不变,沿程各断面峰现时间推迟。     

我国大陆地壳及上地幔分块结构特征

根据地震测深资料及其它地球物理资料,可以将中国大陆分为5个次一级的板块及25个微板块。华南板块平均地壳厚度为32—45km,软流圈深度自80km变为200km。华北板块地壳厚度为35—45km,软流圈深度为60—100km。青藏板块平均地壳厚度达60—76km,软流圈深度为120—140km。估计了壳幔密度差,计算了我国大陆地壳厚度。讨论了我国大陆分块结构与现代构造活动性的关系和古板块划分。     

潮滩微地貌的声学观测与分析

于2013年6月8日至6月9日在江苏如东潮滩进行海底地貌与沉积动力学观测.采用"差值法"从声呐数据中提取底形信息,并分析底形演化与水动力、悬沙浓度的关系.底形数据结果表明,潮周期内底床形态变化明显;分析同步的沉积动力学观测数据发现,底床形态的起伏程度与流速呈正相关关系.随着流速增加,近底部水体悬沙浓度增加,底床形态起伏程度增加;流速减小,近底部水体悬沙浓度回落,底床形态的起伏程度降低.分别分析东西向与南北向底床起伏程度与流速的关系表明,流向对沙纹的起伏程度具有重要影响,垂直沙纹走向的水流会增大底床形态的起伏程度,平行沙纹走向的水流会减小底床形态起伏程度.     

从远震P波的尾波里分离高信噪比的S波

随着全球宽频地震台的迅速增加,P波接收函数技术已经成为探测地壳上地幔结构的标准工具之一,其基本原理就是从远震记录波形上分离出台站下方的间断面上产生的P_S转换相,从而确定间断面的深度和特性.文章介绍了三分量记录的远震资料经过坐标旋转、反褶积运算后从P波的尾波里分离出S波(P_S转换波)的P波接收函数技术.然而,近地表存在低速沉积层时,可能在接收函数波形里引起强烈的多次振荡相,为此引入了滤波技术消除这些振荡相对来自地壳上地幔速度间断面所产生的P_S转换波及其多次反射波P_pP_S,P_pS_S+P_SP_S的影响.另外,由于来自地壳上地幔速度间断面上产生的P_S转换波及其多次反射波P_pP_S,P_pS_S+P_SP_S是弱信号,文章还引入了相位权重叠加技术以增强P波接收函数的信噪比.     

下地幔可以发生地震吗?

大部分的地震发生在比较浅的位置,但是部分地震的深度可以达到600 km以上.目前已有的破裂机制预测地震只存在于上地幔中,但是一些地震的初步定位深度却可以超过670 km(1998年2月9号Okhotsk海地震,地震目录中被定为678 km).研究表明大多数浅震是由于断层失稳,沿着已有的断层面突然滑动引发的,而深震的发震机制目前尚无定论,尤其是下地幔中是否发生地震对于研究深震机制可以提供重要的约束.因为地球中的横向不均匀性,地震的绝对深度有较大的误差,所以我们根据观测地震图中明显的三重值特征,对上述那次深地震进行波形模拟,把相对深度和绝对深度结合起来,最终确定地震实际发生在670公里间断面以上,因此我们认为目前目录中那些最深的地震仍然发生在上地幔中.     

相移加校正变范围三维叠前深度偏移

理论和实践证明,三维叠前深度偏移是目前最精确的地震波场成像方法。该文在二维叠前深度偏移及偏移速度模型建立方法研究的基础上,进一步研究了变范围三维叠前深度偏移叠加方法和软件。用三维相移加校正方法在炮集上实现三维叠前深度偏移,并根据三维速度模型构造形态,自动确定偏移后成像孔径进行变范围偏移叠加,提高三维构造形态清晰度。该方法属全波动方程偏移,具有成像精度高,对模型适应性强的特点     

SS前驱震相有限频效应研究

首先, 根据有限频原理计算SS前驱震相的边界敏感核, 分析SS前驱震相对间断面起伏状况的敏感性。然后, 利用SPECFEM软件正演间断面存在起伏扰动下的SS前驱震相波形, 得到其到时扰动量, 与利用有限频敏感核计算得到的到时扰动量相比较, 说明有限频理论可以较好地解释SS前驱震相的波前愈合效应。最后, 利用边界敏感核反演界面起伏状况, 展示当考虑SS前驱震相的有限频效应时, 可以更好地恢复界面起伏的真实状况。研究结果为正确利用SS前驱震相反演地幔间断面起伏提供了必要的基础。     

Topographies of seismic velocity discontinuities and penetrations of subducting slabs beneath the Sea of Okhotsk

The existence of discontinuities, the topographies of the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities, and the penetrations of subducting slabs near the 660 km discontinuities beneath the Sea of Okhotsk were studied using Nth root slant stack and digital records from networks in Germany and the western United States. Results show the obvious evidence for reflected and refractive phases associated with the 410 km and 660 km discontinuities. There may be discontinuities at other depths such as 150 km, 220 km and 520 km. The 410 km discontinuity is elevated and the 660 km discontinuity is depressed respectively, consistent with the expected thermal signature of the phase transitions. The subducting slab has penetrated into the lower mantle in the northern part of the Sea of Okhotsk, while it is stagnant on the 660 km discontinuity in the southern part.     

Low-velocity zone atop the 410-km seismic discontinuity in the northwestern United States

The seismic discontinuity at 410 km depth in the Earth's mantle is generally attributed to the phase transition of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 (refs 1, 2) from the olivine to wadsleyite structure. Variation in the depth of this discontinuity is often taken as a proxy for mantle temperature owing to its response to thermal perturbations. For example, a cold anomaly would elevate the 410-km discontinuity, because of its positive Clapeyron slope, whereas a warm anomaly would depress the discontinuity. But trade-offs between seismic wave-speed heterogeneity and discontinuity topography often inhibit detailed analysis of these discontinuities, and structure often appears very complicated. Here we simultaneously model seismic refracted waves and scattered waves from the 410-km discontinuity in the western United States to constrain structure in the region. We find a low-velocity zone, with a shear-wave velocity drop of 5%, on top of the 410-km discontinuity beneath the northwestern United States, extending from southwestern Oregon to the northern Basin and Range province. This low-velocity zone has a thickness that varies from 20 to 90 km with rapid lateral variations. Its spatial extent coincides with both an anomalous composition of overlying volcanism and seismic 'receiver-function' observations observed above the region. We interpret the low-velocity zone as a compositional anomaly, possibly due to a dense partial-melt layer, which may be linked to prior subduction of the Farallon plate and back-arc extension. The existence of such a layer could be indicative of high water content in the Earth's transition zone.     

Upper mantle SH velocity structure beneath Qiangtang Terrane by modeling triplicated phases

We constrain SH wave velocity structure for the upper mantle beneath western Qiangtang Terrane by comparing regional distance seismic triplicated waveforms with synthetic seismograms, based on an intermediate event （-220 km） recorded by the INDEPTH-Ⅲ seismic array. The ATIP model reveals a low-velocity anomaly with up to -4% variation at the depth of 190-270 km and a relatively small velocity gradient above the depth of 410 km in the upper mantle, which is in agreement with previous results. In combination with other geological studies, we suggest that the depth of top asthenosphere is 190 km and no large-scale lithosphere thinning occurs in western Qiangtang Terrane, besides, Qiangtang Terrane has the same kind of upper mantle structure as the stable Eurasia.     

The low-velocity layer at the depth of 620 km beneath Northeast China

Based on the 3-D Earth model, the common convert points-phase weighted stacks （CCP-PWS） migration method is used to image the upper mantle discontinuities beneath Northeast China （longitude 120°―132°; latitude 38°―40°） with 802 observed receiver functions. Teleseismic records are obtained from 4 stations belonging to CCDSN and 19 stations belonging to PASSCAL. A low-velocity layer has been detected at the depth of 620 km. This low-velocity layer rises to 600 km in the east of the study region close to the subducted slab. We consider that this low-velocity layer might be the accumulated oceanic crustal material delaminated from the western Pacific subducted slab. Additionally, we detect the obvious depression of 660 km discontinuity which was attributed to the interaction between the upper mantle and subducted slab. The maximum depth of 660 km discontinuity approaches 700 km, and 660 km discontinuity splits into multiple discontinuities in the northeast of the study region.     

Holocene volcanic rocks in Jingbo Lake region ? Diversity of magmatism

During the time from 5500 a to 5200 a BP more than 10 Holocene volcanoes in Jingbo Lake region erupted and the volcanic rocks covered an area of about 500 km2. Holocene volcanic rocks in Jingbo Lake region belong to the potassium?rich rocks and contain three rock types: trachybasalts, basanites and phonotephrites. Various types of magmatism formed in a small area and in a short period of time came from partial melting of potassically?metasomatised lithospheric mantle. The diversity of magmatism can be explained by that Jingbo Lake is situated in the back?arc extensional region of East Asian continent subducted by the Pacific Ocean, and potassic fluid derived from mantle wedge or dehydration of subducted slab can result in a high heterogeneity of the mantle beneath this region. Based on the pressure estimation of clinopyroxene megacrysts, we estimate that phonotephrite magma fractionally crystallize at ca. 52?54 km down the earth.     

Whole-mantle convection and the transition-zone water filter

Because of their distinct chemical signatures, ocean-island and mid-ocean-ridge basalts are traditionally inferred to arise from separate, isolated reservoirs in the Earth's mantle. Such mantle reservoir models, however, typically satisfy geochemical constraints, but not geophysical observations. Here we propose an alternative hypothesis that, rather than being divided into isolated reservoirs, the mantle is filtered at the 410-km-deep discontinuity. We propose that, as the ascending ambient mantle (forced up by the downward flux of subducting slabs) rises out of the high-water-solubility transition zone (between the 660 km and 410 km discontinuities) into the low-solubility upper mantle above 410 km, it undergoes dehydration-induced partial melting that filters out incompatible elements. The filtered, dry and depleted solid phase continues to rise to become the source material for mid-ocean-ridge basalts. The wet, enriched melt residue may be denser than the surrounding solid and accordingly trapped at the 410 km boundary until slab entrainment returns it to the deeper mantle. The filter could be suppressed for both mantle plumes (which therefore generate wetter and more enriched ocean-island basalts) as well as the hotter Archaean mantle (thereby allowing for early production of enriched continental crust). We propose that the transition-zone water-filter model can explain many geochemical observations while avoiding the major pitfalls of invoking isolated mantle reservoirs.     

Stability of hydrous melt at the base of the Earth's upper mantle

Seismological observations have revealed the existence of low-velocity and high-attenuation zones above the discontinuity at 410 km depth, at the base of the Earth's upper mantle. It has been suggested that a small amount of melt could be responsible for such anomalies. The density of silicate melt under dry conditions has been measured at high pressure and found to be denser than the surrounding solid, thereby allowing the melt to remain at depth. But no experimental investigation of the density of hydrous melt has yet been carried out. Here we present data constraining the density of hydrous basaltic melt under pressure to examine the stability of melt above the 410-km discontinuity. We infer that hydrous magma formed by partial melting above the 410-km discontinuity may indeed be gravitationally stable, thereby supporting the idea that low-velocity or high-attentuation regions just above the mantle transition zone may result from the presence of melt.     

Multiple seismic discontinuities near the base of the transition zone in the Earth's mantle

The seismologically defined boundary between the transition zone in the Earth's mantle (410-660 km depth) and the underlying lower mantle is generally interpreted to result from the breakdown of the gamma-spinel phase of olivine to magnesium-perovskite and magnesiowustite. Laboratory measurements of these transformations of olivine have determined that the phase boundary has a negative Clapeyron slope and does indeed occur near pressures corresponding to the base of the transition zone. But a computational study has indicated that, because of the presence of garnet minerals, multiple seismic discontinuities might exist near a depth of 660 km (ref. 4), which would alter the simple negative correlation of changes in temperature with changes in the depth of the phase boundary. In particular, garnet minerals undergo exothermic transformations near this depth, acting to complicate the phase relations and possibly effecting mantle convection processes in some regions. Here we present seismic evidence that supports the existence of such multiple transitions near a depth of 660 km beneath southern California. The observations are consistent with having been generated by garnet transformations coupling with the dissociation of the gamma-spinel phase of olivine. Temperature anomalies calculated from the imaged discontinuity depths--using Clapeyron slopes determined for the various transformations--generally match those predicted from an independent P-wave velocity model of the region.     

Electromagnetic detection of a 410-km-deep melt layer in the southwestern United States

A deep-seated melt or fluid layer on top of the 410-km-deep seismic discontinuity in Earth's upper mantle, as proposed in the transition-zone 'water filter' hypothesis, may have significant bearing on mantle dynamics and chemical differentiation. The geophysical detection of such a layer has, however, proved difficult. Magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding are geophysical methods sensitive to mantle melt. Here we use these methods to search for a distinct structure near 410-km depth. We calculate one-dimensional forward models of the response of electrical conductivity depth profiles, based on mineral physics studies of the effect of incorporating hydrogen in upper-mantle and transition-zone minerals. These models indicate that a melt layer at 410-km depth is consistent with regional magnetotelluric and geomagnetic depth sounding data from the southwestern United States (Tucson). The 410-km-deep melt layer in this model has a conductance of 3.0 x 10(4) S and an estimated thickness of 5-30 km. This is the only regional data set that we have examined for which such a melt layer structure was found, consistent with regional seismic studies. We infer that the hypothesized transition-zone water filter occurs regionally, but that such a layer is unlikely to be a global feature.