常压立式储罐罐底腐蚀检测技术的研究与应用

在石油和石化行业使用着大量盛装不同油品的立式储罐,由于盛装介质均为易燃易爆液体,因此,保证立式储罐的安全运行是一个重要而亟待解决的工程问题.根据常压立式储罐罐底腐蚀的特点,提出声发射在线检测与评价技术和漏磁扫描检测技术相结合的储罐底板检测方法.声发射在线检测与评价技术是实现储罐底板腐蚀状态检测与预测的有效方法,适合储罐快速普查.漏磁检测技术是储罐开罐后底板腐蚀状态检测的有效手段.在保证安全的情况下,根据声发射普查结果,制定储罐维修计划,对严重等级高的储罐进行开罐漏磁检测.可以实现储罐的科学检测,保证储罐的安全运行,节约检修费用.     

常压立式储罐罐底腐蚀检测技术的研究与应用

在石油和石化行业使用着大量盛装不同油品的立式储罐,由于盛装介质均为易燃易爆液体,因此,保证立式储罐的安全运行是一个重要而亟待解决的工程问题。本文根据常压立式储罐罐底腐蚀的特点,提出声发射在线检测与评价技术和漏磁扫描检测技术相结合的储罐底板检测方法。声发射在线检测与评价技术是实现储罐底板腐蚀状态检测与预测的有效方法,适合储罐快速普查。漏磁检测技术是储罐开罐后底板腐蚀状态检测的有效手段。在保证安全的情况下,根据声发射普查结果,制定储罐维修计划,对严重等级高的储罐进行开罐漏磁检测。可以实现储罐的科学检测,保证储罐的安全运行,节约检修费用。     

金属罐形容器罐底声发射信号的检测研究

基于小波包分析和神经网络的声发射信号缺陷检测方法,提出采用区间小波包分解与能量距相结合作为声发射信号的特征向量,取代了传统的“小波包-能量“特征提取方法,并以金属罐形容器罐底缺陷诊断为例验证了该方法的有效性.结果表明,基于区间小波包能量距的神经网络特征提取方法更好地利用了缺陷信号的主要频带和小波包分析的时频信息,与传统方法相比,能大大简化检测系统的复杂度,提高容器的检测识别率.     

储罐底板钢点蚀过程中声发射信号的聚类分析

联合采用声发射和电化学技术研究储罐底板钢试样在w(NaCl)=3.0%,pH=2.0的酸性溶液中的点蚀特征,基于K-均值聚类算法对点蚀声发射信号特征参数进行聚类分析,从而提取各类信号的自身特征。将分类后的信号作为样本训练BP人工神经网络,成功对平行试验采集的声发射信号进行识别。研究结果表明,底板钢在酸性条件下的点蚀过程主要产生氢气泡、膜破裂和蚀坑生长这3类典型的声发射信号,通过聚类方法可以区分这3类信号,并能用神经网络对声发射源进行有效识别。这对现场常压金属储罐底板腐蚀声发射检测结果的解释和评价具有指导意义,有助于提高检测结果可靠性,降低储罐运行风险,保证其运行安全。     

噪声环境下基于小波熵的声发射识别

针对声发射技术在旋转机械故障检测中的强噪声干扰问题,提出了一种基于小波熵的声发射检测算法.该算法首先给定一个合理的阈值.对声发射信号进行小波分解.然后进行分帧处理,使信号在较短的时间间隔内保持特性基本不变,从而求出每一帧信号的小波熵.通过比较每一帧信号的小波熵值与阈值的大小,判断该信号为声发射帧还是噪声帧.为了检验算法的检测效果,在转子实验台上获得碰摩声发射信号.并在测试数据上叠加不同信噪比的高斯白噪声和非平稳噪声,进行声发射识别.实验结果表明:该算法具有较高的识别正确率;在低信噪比环境下,通过调整阈值的可调参数可以有效提高识别的正确率.     

声发射技术在在役原油储罐检测中的应用

随着原油储罐使用时间的增长,储罐的安全及检测评价成为了使用及管理者所关心的问题,本文通过在役原油储罐的腐蚀机理,简述了在役原油储罐的主要腐蚀结构,然后介绍了声发射检测技术的物理基础、工作原理及系统组成,确保声发射检测技术的顺利进行,最后详细说明了声发射检测前的加压程序和储罐罐壁、罐底声发射源的评定方法。     

基于声发射与小波包理论的压力管道泄漏检测

采用声发射技术与小波包理论相结合的方法对管道泄漏点实现了精确定位．首先，对2个声发射传感器采集的数据信号运用小波包分解并重构得到不同频段数据．然后，对2个传感器分解信号的同一频段做互相关分析，比较并选取相关系数最大值对应的时间代入定位公式就得到了泄漏点的位置．通过数字仿真对比表明，该方法优于直接相关定位法，具有较强的抗噪声能力，提高了信噪比．实际测试结果表明，该方法具有高于94％的定位精度，可以用于实验压力管道泄漏的检测与在线监测中。     

基于声发射技术的砂轮磨损状况在线检测

为了实现砂轮磨损状态在线检测,提高砂轮磨损状态检测的准确性,研究了法向磨削力与砂轮磨损的对应关系;利用小波分解系数统计法对声发射(AE)信号进行了分析;把法向磨削力和统计小波分解系数的特征作为识别砂轮磨损状态的参数指标,建立了基于神经网络(BP)的砂轮磨损状态识别模型。实验结果表明,该方法可以辨识出砂轮的磨损状态,并且具有较高精度。     

常压储罐声发射检测技术研究

声发射检测技术可用于常压储罐腐蚀评价.讨论了常压储罐中声发射信号产生的机制和传播过程,试验研究了液体介质中声发射源的定位、波速的计算及声发射信号的衰减规律,提出了声发射信号的分析方法以及结果评价方法,并给出一个工程实例.     

小波包变换在煤与瓦斯突出预测中的应用

针对目前滤噪技术不能很好地使声发射监测得以准确预报的情况,进行了基于小波包变换的去噪研究.该研究利用信号的小波包分析、计算和最优小波包基选取的方法,通过计算机数值计算,模拟了强噪声下声发射信号检测,并通过Sym8小波包与小波变换去噪的比较,证明前者优于后者.用小波包变换进行消噪处理,噪声消除彻底,提高了预警准确性.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the