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1.
Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO2 reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO2 emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO2–H2 mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO2–H2 atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.  相似文献   

2.
NH4HCO3 conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH4HCO3 conversion, including molar ratio of NH4HCO3 to zinc extracted residual, NH4HCO3 concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH4HCO3 conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
《矿物冶金与材料学报》2021,28(12):2001-2007
Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe3O4 NPs with a SiO2 layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO2 coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO2 on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO2 layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe3O4 NPs, forming a core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2@GO composite where Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe3O4@SiO2@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.  相似文献   

4.
In this work, different magnesium silicate mineral samples based on antigorite, lizardite, chrysotile (which have the same general formula Mg3Si2O5(OH)4), and talc (Mg3Si4O10(OH)2) were reacted with KOH to prepare catalysts for biodiesel production. Simple impregnation with 20wt% K and treatment at 700–900°C led to a solid-state reaction to mainly form the K2MgSiO4 phase in all samples. These results indicate that the K ion can diffuse into the different Mg silicate structures and textures, likely through intercalation in the interlayer space of the different mineral samples followed by dehydroxylation and K2MgSiO4 formation. All the materials showed catalytic activity for the transesterification of soybean oil (1:6 of oil : methanol molar ratio, 5wt% of catalyst, 60°C). However, the best results were obtained for the antigorite and chrysotile precursors, which are discussed in terms of mineral structure and the more efficient formation of the active phase K2MgSiO4.  相似文献   

5.
《矿物冶金与材料学报》2021,28(9):1397-1412
As the world’s second largest economy experiencing rapid economic growth, China has a huge demand for metals and energy. In recent years, China ranks first, among all the countries in the world, in the production and consumption of several metals such as copper, gold, and rare earth elements. Bioleaching, which is an approach for mining low grade and refractory ores, has been applied in industrial production, and bioleaching has made great contributions to the development of the Chinese mining industry. The exploration and application of bioleaching in China are reviewed in this study. Production and consumption trends of several metals in China over the past decade are reviewed. Technological processes at key bioleaching operations in China, such as at the Zijinshan Copper Mine and Mianhuakeng Uranium Mine, are presented. Also, the current challenges faced by bioleaching operations in China are introduced. Moreover, prospects such as efficiency improvement and environmental protection are proposed based on the current situation in the Chinese bioleaching industry.  相似文献   

6.
《矿物冶金与材料学报》2021,28(12):1940-1948
The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.  相似文献   

7.
The butt welds of 4-mm thick 5A06 aluminum alloy plates were produced by adjustable-gap bobbin-tool friction stir travel with travel speeds of 200, 300, and 400 mm/min in this study. The microstructure was studied using optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Tensile tests and microhardness measurements were performed to identify the effect of the travel speed on the joint mechanical properties. Sound joints were obtained at 200 mm/min while voids were present at different positions of the joints as the travel speed increased. The EBSD results show that the grain size, high angle grain boundaries, and density of geometrically necessary dislocations in different regions of the joint vary depending on the recovery and recrystallization behavior. Specific attention was given to the relationship between the local microstructure and mechanical properties. Microhardness measurements show that the average hardness of the stir zone (SZ) was greater than that of the base material, which was only affected slightly by the travel speed. The tensile strength of the joint decreased with increasing travel speed and the maximal strength efficiency reached 99%.  相似文献   

8.
Coalfield fires are considered a global crisis that contributes significantly to environmental destruction and loss of coal resources and poses a serious threat to human safety and health. In this paper, research related to the initiation, development, and evolution of coalfield fires is reviewed. The existing detection and control techniques of coalfield fires are also reviewed. Traditional firefighting is associated with waste of resources, potential risks of recrudescence, potential safety hazards, extensive and expensive engineering works, and power shortages. Recently, coalfield fires have been recognized as having significant potential for energy conservation and heat energy recovery. Thermoelectric power generation is regarded as a suitable technology for the utilization of heat from coalfield fires. The extraction of heat from coalfield fires can also control coalfield fires and prevent reignition leading to combustion. Technologies for absorbing heat from burning coal and overlying rocks are also analyzed. In addition, the control mode of “three-region linkage” is proposed to improve firefighting efficiency. Integrating heat energy recovery with firefighting is an innovative method to control coalfield fires.  相似文献   

9.
A high-building multi-directional pipe joint (HBMDPJ) was fabricated by wire and arc additive manufacturing using high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel. The microstructure characteristics and transformation were observed and analyzed. The results show that the forming part includes four regions. The solidification zone solidifies as typical columnar crystals from a molten pool. The complete austenitizing zone forms from the solidification zone heated to a temperature greater than 1100°C, and the typical columnar crystals in this zone are difficult to observe. The partial austenitizing zone forms from the completely austenite zone heated between Ac1 (austenite transition temperature) and 1100°C, which is mainly equiaxed grains. After several thermal cycles, the partial austenitizing zone transforms to the tempering zone, which consistes of fully equiaxed grains. From the solidification zone to the tempering zone, the average grain size decreases from 75 to 20 μm. The mechanical properties of HBMDPJ satisfies the requirement for the intended application.  相似文献   

10.
Nano graphene platelet (Gr) reinforced nano composites with a zinc–aluminum alloy (ZA27) matrix were produced by powder metallurgy at four different mass ratios (0.5wt%, 1.0wt%, 2.0wt% and 4.0wt%) and three different sintering temperatures (425, 450, and 475°C). In order to investigate the effect of sintering temperatures and nano graphene reinforcement materials on the composite structure, the microstructures of the composite samples were investigated and their densities were determined with a scanning electron microscope. Hardness, transverse rupture, and abrasion wear tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties. According to the test results, the porosity increased and the mechanical strength of the nano composites decreased as the amount of nano graphene reinforcement in ZA27 increased. However, when the composites produced in different reinforcement ratios were evaluated, the increase in sintering temperature increased the mechanical structure by positively affecting the composite structure.  相似文献   

11.
基于WLAN指纹的定位方法具有成本低、可用性好等优点,近年来越来越受到人们的关注。为了实现室内定位系统的快速部署,通常采用众包技术替代传统部署方法。在离线阶段建立radio map时,由于利用众包技术采集的RSS数据量大大减少,使得RSS数据中的噪声和采集误差无法得到有效抑制,造成建立的radio map精度较低,定位误差增大。针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于多维尺度变换(Multidimensional Scaling, MDS)算法的RSS平滑理论。利用相邻位置RSS数据之间的相关性,在每个位置推断出一个最优RSS值,从而实现抑制噪声和消除采集误差的作用,最终得到更平滑的radio map,提高定位精度。实验结果表明,采用MDS方法达到了预期的目标。基于WLAN指纹的定位方法具有成本低、可用性好等优点,近年来越来越受到人们的关注。为了实现室内定位系统的快速部署,通常采用众包技术替代传统部署方法。在离线阶段建立radio map时,由于利用众包技术采集的RSS数据量大大减少,使得RSS数据中的噪声和采集误差无法得到有效抑制,造成建立的radio map精度较低,定位误差增大。针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于多维尺度变换(Multidimensional Scaling, MDS)算法的RSS平滑理论。利用相邻位置RSS数据之间的相关性,在每个位置推断出一个最优RSS值,从而实现抑制噪声和消除采集误差的作用,最终得到更平滑的radio map,提高定位精度。实验结果表明,采用MDS方法达到了预期的目标。基于WLAN指纹的定位方法具有成本低、可用性好等优点,近年来越来越受到人们的关注。为了实现室内定位系统的快速部署,通常采用众包技术替代传统部署方法。在离线阶段建立radio map时,由于利用众包技术采集的RSS数据量大大减少,使得RSS数据中的噪声和采集误差无法得到有效抑制,造成建立的radio map精度较低,定位误差增大。针对该问题,本文提出了一种基于多维尺度变换(Multidimensional Scaling, MDS)算法的RSS平滑理论。利用相邻位置RSS数据之间的相关性,在每个位置推断出一个最优RSS值,从而实现抑制噪声和消除采集误差的作用,最终得到更平滑的radio map,提高定位精度。实验结果表明,采用MDS方法达到了预期的目标。  相似文献   

12.
为了解决全球定位系统在大型室内场合无法给出精确定位的问题,设计了一种安卓平台下基于真三维模型的室内定位系统。基于百度地图SDK(software development kit)开发一款室外定位的电子地图软件,用于获取室内场景所在位置,再结合Unity3D游戏引擎将根据室内场景制作比例为1的模型制成可在安卓设备上运行的软件,通过虚拟现实技术及空间位置服务,实现室内定位功能。结果表明:系统具有的功能基本满足用户室内外定位需求,且系统具有定位方法直观、功能服务全面及系统搭建简单等特点,适用于一些大型的室内外公共场合,如商场、机场、博物馆等。  相似文献   

13.
基于超高频射频识别(RFID)的定位技术,因其标签成本低、可使用无源工作方式,目前在许多实际应用场景中发挥重要作用.为进一步推进基于超高频RFID的室内定位技术,对不同信道特征参数信息的获取及其对应定位模型进行介绍,对不同标签定位处理方法进行探讨,从不同关键技术角度对定位方法进行比较,并总结和展望超高频RFID室内定位技术的未来发展趋势.  相似文献   

14.
针对复杂的室内环境,提出一种新的动态环境下的移动机器人视觉导航方法.该方法以室内常见物体作为自然路标,通过单目视觉建立识别模型来认知环境中的各种物体.首先对室内常见物体建立图像库,并对库中的大量图像采集SIFT特征;然后通过BoW模型来描述各幅图像,针对每类物体利用线性支持向量机(SVM)训练出物体识别模型;最后借助交互的手绘地图描述室内环境,移动机器人从中获得辅助路径以及自然路标的大概位置,从而完成导航任务.通过大量实验,从自然路标变化、目的区域变化、手绘地图偏差等多角度验证该方法的鲁棒性.实验结果表明,该导航方法操作简单高效,并具有人机交互性强、动态环境下适应能力高的优点.  相似文献   

15.
针对W(WLAN,Wireless Local Area Network)、R(RFID,Radio Frequency Identification)、V(Video)技术在室内定位的特点,提出了基于WRV信息融合的机器人定位方法。以概率法为基础,进行了基于Kalman滤波的WLAN机器人定位实验;以增加移动误差补偿的极大似然估计定位算法为基础,进行了基于Kalman滤波的RFID机器人定位实验;以SIFT算法为基础,进行了机器人定位实验;最后研究了机器人多信息融合定位算法并进行了实验。移动机器人定位实验表明:机器人多信息融合定位平均定位偏差为0.381m,减少了WLAN、RFID及视觉系统单独定位时的偏差,定位精度上有了明显的提高,可以较好地满足室内移动机器人的定位要求。  相似文献   

16.
设计室内大型场馆的定位导航电子地图是为了改变传统室外定位导航模式,方便快捷地为地图使用者提供定位和导航路径信息。引入了室内GIS矢量电子地图模型的概念和设计方法,结合网格采集图层、地理数据库、网络数据集等技术,实现了在大型场馆的定位导航功能,对同类室内定位和导航电子地图的设计与实现具有一定参考价值。  相似文献   

17.
IntroductionWater supply pipelines are the lifelines of a city.Their operation status will greatly influence socialdevelopment.Burst points in pipeline networksshould be found as soon as possible. Due to their randomness,time variation,andperiodicity of urban water supply pipelines,it isvery difficult to locate burst points usingtraditional methods such as direct observing,sonardetecting,etc. The traditional methods cannotfind the burst point without frequent routinechecks.Sometimes,it is im…  相似文献   

18.
The location determination technology based on simple delay evaluations or GPS is not accurate enough or even impossible in urban and indoor environments due to the multi-path propagation. To enhance the location accuracy and reduce the operation cost within these environments, this paper proposes a novel hybrid location determination technology which combines CELL-ID with the database correlation method. The proposed method generate the prediction database of path loss according to CELL-ID, and after the computation the smallest squared error of measured path loss and the prediction path loss,the location of the mobile terminal is decided by the coordinates of the best matching matrix entry.  相似文献   

19.
The location determination technology based on simple delay evaluations or GPS is not accurate enough or even impossible in urban and indoor environments due to the multi-path propagation. To enhance the location accuracy and reduce the operation cost within these environments, this paper proposes a novel hybrid location determination technology which combines CELL-ID with the database correlation method. The proposed method generate the prediction database of path loss according to CELL-ID, and after the computation the smallest squared error of measured path loss and the prediction path loss,the location of the mobile terminal is decided by the coordinates of the best matching matrix entry.  相似文献   

20.
当今社会对基于位置服务尤其是室内位置服务的需求日益迫切.位置指纹法利用室内无线信号强度来进行定位,具有方便快捷、低成本等优势,但构建一个细粒度的位置指纹库需要耗费大量的人力和时间.为提高位置指纹库的构建效率,提出一种基于改进克里金插值的位置指纹库构建方法.通过部分测量数据结合克里金插值法进行插值,并利用模拟退火算法提高理论变异函数拟合精度,进而估计出未测量点处的信号强度,提高插值精度和指纹库的构建效率.实验表明:相比反距离加权插值和传统克里金插值,该方法不但具有较高插值和定位精度,而且可将指纹数据人工采集工作量降低50%.  相似文献   

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