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1.
生物质热解液化是目前生物质能利用的方式之一.为了研究生物质热解过程中各组分的裂解变化规律,利用傅里叶红外光谱仪分别对300℃、400℃、500℃、600℃下制备的玉米秸秆、棉杆、松木屑和稻壳的热解半焦进行了分析.实验结果表明:随着热解温度升高,生物质内部[-OH]、[-CH]、[-CO-]等官能团不断减少,温度在300℃~400℃之间时变化最为剧烈,当温度超过400℃以后,反应逐渐趋于缓和.  相似文献   

2.
为研究CaO对褐煤和无烟煤热解特性影响,采用实验室小型固定床反应器对锡林郭勒褐煤(X)和宁夏石嘴山无烟煤(SH),进行热解实验,研究了CaO对热解三相产物分布规律影响。实验结果表明:在500~600℃时,添加2%CaO后褐煤热解生成CO_2的产率小于未添加CaO煤样热解生成CO_2的产率,添加CaO与否对其他3种气体H_2,CH_4,CO产率影响不大;与未加入CaO的褐煤煤样相比,加入CaO的褐煤煤样在相应温度下热解气相产物产率小幅度降低,且随着热解温度的升高,加入CaO的褐煤煤样气相产物产率增加速率大于未加入CaO的褐煤煤样。褐煤脱挥发分主要在600℃之前的热解阶段,而对于无烟煤来说,CaO在中温热解阶段对挥发分的脱除具有促进作用。对于褐煤半焦来说,加入2%CaO一直作为灰分存在半焦中,且随着热解温度的升高,褐煤半焦在高温时反应活性较高,发生热缩聚反应,导致半焦中有机质含量降低,以上2种原因直接导致褐煤半焦灰分升高;对于无烟煤来说,灰分增加主要是由于CaO的加入。  相似文献   

3.
为了研究生物质高温热解气化特性,特别是在此过程中碳烟的形成机理,在一维沉降炉内对麦秆和杨树木屑于900~1 300℃进行高温热解,收集热解产生的气、液、固三相及碳烟产物,对热解产物的产率(产物与生物质干基的质量比)、形貌及组分进行分析,对比了两种生物质热解产物特性并重点分析热解碳烟的形成机理。结果表明,麦秆、木屑热解碳烟的产率随着温度的升高而升高,分别为0.28%~2.40%和0.34%~6.30%,热解焦炭的产率随着温度的升高逐渐降低,分别为2.8%~7.3%和0.29%~2.9%。木屑由于具有较高的木质素和纤维素组分,会产生更多的碳烟;麦秆由于具有高灰分和抽提物含量,会生成更多的焦炭。麦秆的不凝性气体产率为47%~69%,木屑的为59%~77%,热解产气率总体随温度的升高而升高。两种生物质热解的焦油产率均低于1.6%,温度升高至1 200℃时焦油完全转化,焦油的组分几乎均为芳烃类物质。生物质的热解过程中,在900~1 100℃时,碳烟的形成为小分子烃类气体裂解和大分子焦油缩聚机理共同作用的结果,在温度超过1 100℃时,增长的碳烟主要是通过小分子烃类气体裂解的途径生成。  相似文献   

4.
稻秆热解的目的是为了脱除氧元素,增加能量密度,并将热解的固体产物作为生物质气流床气化原料,从而提高气化合成气的热值。稻秆在管式电阻炉中以5℃/min和15℃/min的升温速率进行慢速热解,热解温度为200~800℃。利用自动量热仪和元素分析仪对热解后固体产物进行热值和元素分析。结果表明:同一热解温度下,升温速率越快,半焦的热值越高;碳元素的含量随着热解温度的升高逐渐增加,而氢和氧两种元素的含量随着热解温度的升高逐渐降低。同时,推导出热值与半焦中各元素含量的关系式。  相似文献   

5.
预处理生物质的热解实验研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过分步添加Ca(OH)_2与甲酸获得甲酸钙的方法对生物质进行预处理,在管式炉上开展了预处理生物质热解实验,研究了甲酸钙预处理对4种生物质热解特性的影响.样品的红外分析显示,甲酸钙预处理影响了纤维素和半纤维素的结构,一定程度上破坏了乙酰基侧链,而对木质素苯环结构影响较小,且出现了明显的羧酸根官能团振动.热解实验结果表明:木屑的生物油产率高于3种秸秆类生物质(玉米秆、稻秸、麦秆),最大生物油产率达到0.496 g/g.甲酸钙预处理使得生物质的半焦和气体产率增加,而生物油产率下降.GC-MS分析显示,木屑生物油酸类含量低于秸秆类生物质,而酚类物质含量较高,其中麦秆生物油酸类含量最高,酸度最强.甲酸钙预处理明显减少了生物油中乙酸和左旋葡聚糖的含量,增加了羟基丙酮与环戊烯酮等酮类物质;而且甲酸钙预处理显著降低了生物油的酸性,且对秸秆类生物质的改善作用更加明显,其中木屑生物油p H值从4.1~4.3增加到5.6~5.8,麦秆生物油从2.4~2.7增加到5.0~5.3.  相似文献   

6.
管式炉中温度对玉米秸秆慢速热解特性的影响分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
热解终温和升温速率是玉米秸秆热解的重要影响因素。基于玉米秸秆慢速热解原理,采用热重和管式炉热解取样方法对玉米秸秆的慢速热解特性进行实验分析。取升温速率(20℃/min,30℃/min,40℃/min,50℃/min,60℃/min)和终温(300℃,400℃,500℃,600℃,700℃)作为影响因素,以热解产物(残炭、生物质焦油和热解气体)的产率作为评价分析指标,并对不同终温条件下的热解气体成分进行定量分析。试验结果表明,随着升温速率的增加(20~60℃/min),残炭产率和气体产率略有变化;而焦油产率有较大幅度的提升,可从12%提升至18%。热解终温的升高,使固体残渣中的挥发分进一步析出,残炭产率下降;终温为600℃时,焦油产率达到极大峰值,最高可达18%,峰值温度前,焦油产率随终温的增加而增加,当终温大于峰值温度后,焦油产率迅速减少;气体产率随温度的升高而增加,热值也随之增加,在700℃时,低位热值为10.22MJ/Nm~3。  相似文献   

7.
早期热重分析研究表明,聚烯烃热解的温度比生物质温度高,生物质和塑料的热行为是独立的。在微波加热条件下,研究了三种添加剂(海泡石、Al2O3、Fe2(SO4)3)在松木屑/LDPE质量比为10∶1的混料中进行共热解时,对共热解液相产率和化学成分的影响。通过方差分析发现,微波功率较添加剂对液相产率影响更为显著,600~1 000 W较为适宜共热解;GC-MS分析发现,海泡石抑制了愈创木酚及其衍生物的生成,但对1-羟基-2-丙酮和乙酸(酐)可实现富集,平均含量分别达20.10%和27.84%;Al2O3可使1-羟基-2-丙酮平均含量高达22.47%,而紫丁香酚及其衍生物平均含量低至1.97%;Fe2(SO4)3可促进热解产物定向转化为糠醛,平均含量最高可达15.75%。  相似文献   

8.
作为一种产量巨大的生物质原料,芦竹热解制取生物油的研究较少.为了探讨其作为热解原料的可行性以及得到高品质的生物油,以HZSM-5为催化剂在两段式固定床反应系统中进行了芦竹催化热解实验,研究了热解温度、催化温度和催化剂床层高度对热解产物分布以及对气体和液体组分的影响.结果表明:热解温度为500,℃时,液体产率达到最大值49.53%,;在催化剂的作用下,液体产物产率明显下降,液体产物中的酸类、醛类、酯类、酮类等含氧物质的含量有所降低,但轻质酚类和芳香烃等物质的含量明显增加.综合催化温度和催化剂床层高度的分析结果来看,催化温度为500,℃、催化剂床层高度为10,cm时,HZSM-5对油相品质的提高效果较为显著.  相似文献   

9.
针对陕北低阶烟煤在回转式反应器中的中低温热解过程,考察热解温度、粒径等级、回转速率对粉煤热解反应规律的影响。结果表明:相比于粒径和回转速率,热解温度对热解规律的影响最为显著;随着热解温度升高,半焦产率降低,半焦中挥发分明显减少;焦油产率先增大后减小;热解气中H_2体积分数增加,CH_4体积分数减少;煤样粒径为3~4 mm时,热解焦油产率达8.48%;粒径变化在一定程度上影响半焦和热解气的产物分布与性质;提高回转速率有利于挥发分的析出,焦油和热解气产率有所增加;煤粒热解粉化程度随着热解温度升高、煤样粒径增大、回转速率提高而加剧;过高的回转速率会导致热解焦油中机械杂质含量增大,恶化产物性质。  相似文献   

10.
【目的】通过对不同热解温度下杨树树叶、树枝、树皮生物质炭和秸秆生物质炭的理化特性及结构进行分析,筛选出更适用于林地土壤改良的农林废弃物种类和热解温度。【方法】以杨树不同组分树叶、树枝、树皮和秸秆等4种农林废弃物为原料,分别在300、500和700 ℃温度下制备生物质炭,测定其产率、pH、全碳、全氮含量、阳离子交换量(CEC)、比表面积和表面官能团等指标。【结果】随着热解温度的升高,4种原料生物质炭的产率逐渐降低,灰分含量和pH升高。同一热解温度下,树枝和树皮生物质炭的全碳含量高于树叶和秸秆生物质炭的,而全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)和全钾(TK)含量均低于树叶和秸秆生物质炭的。4种生物质炭水溶性盐基离子含量和交换性盐基离子含量均随着热解温度的升高而增加,树叶生物质炭的阳离子交换量总体高于其他3种原料的生物炭。树叶和树皮生物质炭的比表面积和总孔容积总体大于树枝和秸秆生物质炭,树皮和树叶生物质炭在700 ℃时比表面积分别高达597.02和121.01 m2/g。4种原料生物质炭的表面官能团种类基本相同,以芳香骨架为主,表面官能团数量均随着热解温度的升高而减少,芳香化程度增强。【结论】在不同热解温度和原料制备的生物质炭中,树叶和秸秆生物质炭的灰分、pH、N、K和盐基离子含量较高,比较适用于改良酸性土壤,增加土壤养分;而杨树树枝和树皮生物质炭含碳量较高,则适用于土壤固碳,提高土壤有机质含量。其中,500 ℃热解的杨树树叶生物质炭综合性能最好,氮、磷、钾养分耗失最少,阳离子交换能力较强,比表面积大,更适用于土壤改良。  相似文献   

11.
Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.  相似文献   

12.
何延凌 《科技信息》2008,(4):258-258
Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women's language from these perspectives: pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women's language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What's more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.  相似文献   

13.
王慧 《科技信息》2008,(10):240-240
Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte's only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.  相似文献   

14.
The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.  相似文献   

15.
The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3~4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰~ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰~ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084~0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078~0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.  相似文献   

16.
理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。  相似文献   

17.
There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.  相似文献   

18.
As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.  相似文献   

19.
In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.  相似文献   

20.
1 Rise of studies on climate change's effects on biodiversity
Until the 1980s, climate change and biodiversity were studied as two independent disciplines for more than a century. In 1992, the Ecological Society of America's annual report named climate change, biodiversity, and the sustainable ecological system as the three major global environmental issues of the twenty-first century [1].  相似文献   

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