C3O2催化剂上甲醇合成反应宏观动力学

在内循环无梯度反应器中测定了低压甲醇合成反应宏观动力学.实验采用5mm×5mm圆柱状颗粒催化剂,实验压力5MPa,反应温度215～260°C.以双曲型动力学方程建立了以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的双速率宏观动力学模型,并用改进高斯-牛顿法根据实验数据获得了动力学模型中的参数.残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适定的.宏观反应动力学方程成功应用于上海焦化总厂年产20万吨大型甲醇合成反应器的模拟放大.     

CO和CO2同时加氢合成甲醇反应本征动力学

在4.5MPa，工业反应温度和一定原料气组成范围内，在新型CQ201催化剂上用直流流动等温积分反应器研究了CO和CO2同时加氢合成甲醇反应本征动力学。通过对动力学模型统计检验，模型在所研究的压力，温度和一定组分浓度范围内均是适用的。模型（B）较模型（A）合理。     

新型甲醇合成催化剂的宏观动力学

验证了内循环无梯度反应器在气体流量80～130 mL/h、转速600～1 400 r/min时能很好体现无梯度的性能,并采用O.154～0.198 mm的国产新型甲醇合成催化剂NC309,在反应温度190～250℃,反应压力5～8 MPa,体积空速4 000 h^-1的条件下对其宏观动力学进行研究。选择Langmuir-Hinshelwood型动力学方程建立了以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO₂加氢合成甲醇的宏观动力学模型,用合理有效的参数估值方法得到了宏观动力学模型参数。宏观动力学模型得到的CO和CO₂加氢反应的活化能均小于NC309本征动力学模型得到的活化能。     

C302-2催化剂作用下三相床甲醇合成过程研究II.宏观反应动力学

采用机械搅拌反应釜,以液体石蜡为液相热载体,在压力2.6～5.6 MPa,温度210～260°C,气体质量空速500～2 500 L/(kg*h)的实验条件下,对在新型低温低压甲醇合成催化剂C302-2作用下的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的宏观动力学进行了研究.对实验数据进行回归,用改进的高斯-牛顿法进行参数估值,得到Langmuir-Hinshelwood动力学模型,同时进行了统计检验.结果表明,所得到的动力学模型是适定的.     

三相床甲醇合成过程I.富CO合成气甲醇合成宏观反应动力学

以液体石蜡为液相介质 ,在富 CO合成气条件下研究了 C30 2铜基催化剂上 CO、CO2 加氢合成甲醇的宏观反应动力学 ,得到了相应的动力学模型 ,通过对模型进行比较 ,认为在 CO浓度较高的情况下 ,幂函数模型优于 Langmuir- Hinshelwood模型。实验结果表明 ,催化剂和液相介质在富 CO合成气条件下表现出良好的适应性。     

三相床甲醇合成过程Ⅰ.富CO合成气甲醇合成宏观反应动力学

以液体石蜡为液相介质,在富CO合成气条件下研究了C302铜基催化剂上CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的宏观反应动力学,得到了相应的动力学模型,通过对模型进行比较,认为在CO浓度较高的情况下,幂函数模型优于Langmuir-Hinshelwood模型.实验结果表明,催化剂和液相介质在富CO合成气条件下表现出良好的适应性.     

三相床甲醇合成过程II.C302催化剂甲醇反应本征动力学

研究了 C30 2型铜基催化剂上由 CO、CO2 与 H2 合成 CH3OH的本征反应动力学。为使本征动力学模型能应用于三相床甲醇合成过程 ,实验所用原料气中 CO浓度较高 ,范围为 y CO=0 .0 8～ 0 .2 6 ,压力和温度均在合成甲醇工业操作的范围内。选用双速率的 Langmuir- Hinshelwood方程来描述系统的本征反应速率 ,该模型的计算值与实验结果相吻合。     

C302催化剂上甲醇合成反应宏观动力学

在内循环无梯度反应器中测定了低压甲醇合成反应宏观动力学。实验采用５ｍ ｍ ×５ｍ ｍ 圆柱状颗粒催化剂,实验压力５ＭＰａ,反应温度２１５～２６０ °Ｃ。以双曲型动力学方程建立了以各组分逸度表示的ＣＯ、ＣＯ２ 加氢合成甲醇的双速率宏观动力学模型,并用改进高斯－牛顿法根据实验数据获得了动力学模型中的参数。残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适定的。宏观反应动力学方程成功应用于上海焦化总厂年产２０ 万吨大型甲醇合成反应器的模拟放大。     

C_(301)铜基催化剂上CO、CO_2和H_2合成甲醇反应模式的研究

目前,由CO、CO_2和H_3合成甲醇反应的模式尚未能得出一致的观点。分歧主要在于合成过程中CO_2的作用。至七十年代中期,看法较为一致的模式为近年来,苏联学者采用动力学实验法和同位索示踪原子法对苏产CHM-1铜基催化剂进行研究,提出了另一种模式因而,为阐明甲醇合成反应模式,就必须阐明究竟甲醇是由CO、还是由CO_2 直接生成的。这不仅对于甲醇合成过程的优化,而且也对含CO_2工业废气的综合利用都是有意义的。本文在对国产C_(301)(Cu,ZnO和Al_2O_3组成)铜基催化剂进行动力学考察的基础上,研究CO_2在合成甲醇反应过程中的作用。实验压力5MP3,温度218—260℃,接触时间0.16—3.5秒,分别对仅含CO_2或CO和含CO、CO_2三种起始反应混合物气体进行了合成甲醇反应动力学行为的实验测定。结果表明:反应是一复杂的过程。对于含CO_2、H_2、Ar的混合物,由CO_2可以直接合成甲醇, 对含CO、H_2和Ar的混合物,甲醇由CO直接合成;而对既含CO_2又含CO 的混合物,甲醇同时由CO和CO_2合成。     

8 MPa下C307催化剂上甲醇合成反应的本征动力学

在等温积分反应器中研究了操作条件对甲醇合成反应的影响以及C307催化剂上甲醇合成反应的本征动力学.实验采用粒度为0.154～0.198 mm的细颗粒催化剂.实验压力为8MPa,空速5 500～11 000 h-1,反应温度200~260℃.实验结果表明:总碳转化率在实验温度范围内随温度的升高先增加后降低,245℃左右达到最大值,随压力的升高而增加.选取以各组分逸度表示的CO、CO2加氢合成甲醇的Langmuir-Hinshelwood双速率本征动力学模型,用全局通用算法结合马夸特算法确定动力学模型参数.残差分析和统计检验表明,动力学模型是适宜的.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the