近40年大尺度气候因子对中国洪涝灾害的可能影响

基于中国1980—2018年0.5°×0.5°逐日降水数据、紧急灾害数据库数据（EM-DAT）,分析了厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）和北大西洋涛动（NAO）对中国极端降水频次及强度、洪水发生率及损失的可能影响．结论如下:1)当冬季厄尔尼诺发生后,次年我国东部沿海及黄河、长江下游地区秋季极端降水强度增加26%;当冬季拉尼娜发生后,次年我国东部地区春、夏季极端降水强度分别增加8.8%、5.1%．2)当NAO为正位相时,我国大部分地区春、夏、秋季极端降水频次较高,华东地区夏季极端降水强度增加8.5%．3)与正常年份相比,冬季厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜发生后,次年我国春季洪水损失偏多14.5%,秋季洪水发生率偏低30%;NAO为正位相时,我国春季洪水损失偏少20%,秋季洪水发生率偏高14%．4)当拉尼娜发生后及NAO正位相、负位相时,我国长江、黄河和珠江流域极端降水与洪涝灾害的变化具有一致性．      

ＥＮＳＯ事件对皖西地区降水的影响

本文根据近60多年皖西地区6个站点的月降水量等资料,研究ENSO事件对皖西地区四季、各月降水的影响以及对事件当年和次年的降水的影响,分析皖西地区旱涝灾害与ENSO事件之间的关联。结果表明：ENSO事件对皖西地区降水量的影响随季节、月份的不同而产生不同的变化;在春夏季,降水量较常年变化为50.4%,而在秋冬季,降水量较常年的变化为-42%。ENSO事件对次年降水也有影响,春季开始的ENSO事件次年年均降雨量减少了23.8%,夏秋季开始的ENSO事件次年春夏季降水量增加了71.1%,而秋冬季减少了30.3%。在ENSO事件当年或次年,皖西地区出现旱涝灾害的可能性约为75%。     

Interannual variability of Mascarene high and Australian high and their influences on summer rainfall over East Asia

Based on the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR and other observational data,interannual variability of Mascarene high(MH) and Australian high(AH) from 1970 to 1999 is examined.It is shown that interannual variability of MH is dominated by the Antarctic oscillation(AAO),when the circumpolar low in the high southern latitudes deepens,the intensity of MH will be intensified.On the other hand,AH is correlated by AAO as well as EI Nino and South Oscillation(ENSO),the intensity of AH will be intensified when EI Nino occurs.Both correlation analysis and case study demonstrate that summer rainfall over East Asia is closely related to MH and AH.When MH intensifies from boreal spring to summer (i.e.from austral autumn to winter),there is more rainfall over regions from the Yangtze River valley to Japan,in contrast,less rainfall is found over southern China and western Pacific to the east of Taiwan,and most of regions in mid-latitudes of East Asia.Compared with MH,the effect of AH on summer rainfall in East Asia is limited to localized regions,there is more rainfall over southern China with the intensification of AH.The results in this study show that AAO is a strong signal on interannual timescale,which plays an important role in summer rainfall over East Asia.This discovery is of real importance to revealingt the physical mechanism of interannual variability of East Asian summer monsoon and prediction of summer precipitation in China.     

Forecasting Andean rainfall and crop yield from the influence of El Nino on Pleiades visibility

Farmers in drought-prone regions of Andean South America have historically made observations of changes in the apparent brightness of stars in the Pleiades around the time of the southern winter solstice in order to forecast interannual variations in summer rainfall and in autumn harvests. They moderate the effect of reduced rainfall by adjusting the planting dates of potatoes, their most important crop. Here we use data on cloud cover and water vapour from satellite imagery, agronomic data from the Andean altiplano and an index of El Nino variability to analyse this forecasting method. We find that poor visibility of the Pleiades in June-caused by an increase in subvisual high cirrus clouds-is indicative of an El Nino year, which is usually linked to reduced rainfall during the growing season several months later. Our results suggest that this centuries-old method of seasonal rainfall forecasting may be based on a simple indicator of El Nino variability.     

A continuous 3000—year precipitation record of ENSO variability during LGM from a stalagmite in Nanjing

A glacial stalagmite chronology from Nanjing has been established by the TIMS-U series dating and annual band counting methods. The annually layering sequence spanning the 3000-year period from 18179 to 14900 calendar years before the present (aBP) was analyzed for evidence of East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Power spectral analysis of the sequence shows a distinct interannual (2—7 years) band of enhanced variability suggestive of El Ni駉-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections into East China during the LGM when climatic boundary conditions were different from those of today. The lower frequency bands (4—7 years) variability becomes weaker from 18179 to 14900 aBP, sup-porting the precession forcing model. The reappearance of the ENSO band in the coldest climatic boundary conditions during the Heinrich Event 1, however, suggests the stimula-tion of the enhanced East Asia winter monsoon to the El Ni駉 events.     

EL Nino事件与洞庭湖区大水年的相关分析与预报

ELNino事件使夏季西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南 ,使我国夏季主要雨带南移 ,造成长江流域降水偏多 .ELNino事件有 19年韵律周期和 3 - 5年的振荡周期 ,而且ELNino事件发生当年 (即 0年 )、次年 ( + 1年 )及前一年 ( - 1年 )夏季降水状况明显不同 ,洞庭湖区的大水年与ELNino +1年具有较大相关性 .ELNino + 1年中出现大水年的条件概率为 62 .16% ,其可靠性为 80 % ,故前兆因子ELNino事件的+ 1年可以作为大水年的预报因子     

Change of precipitation intensity spectra at different spatial scales under warming conditions

The long-term change of the whole spectra of precipitation intensity in China is examined using observed daily data recorded at 477 surface stations for the period from 1961 to 2008. The results show a spatially coherent decrease of trace precipitation despite different reduction magnitudes among the regions. For measurable precipitation, significant regional and seasonal characteristics are observed. In autumn, the whole measurable precipitation decreased over Eastern China (east of 98°E). In summer and winter, a significant increase of heavy precipitation and decrease of light precipitation are detected south of Eastern China. In Western China, measurable precipitation is found to have increased in all four seasons. Composite analysis reveals a quasi-linear relationship between increasing surface temperature and precipitation on a global scale. The responses of precipitation at different intensities to the increased temperature are distinct, with a significant spectra-shifting from light to heavy precipitation. Compared with precipitation over the ocean, the amplification of heavy precipitation over land is relatively less, most likely constrained by the limited water supply. The response of regional precipitation to global warming shows greater uncertainties compared with those on the global scale, perhaps due to interference by more complex topography and land cover, as well as human activities, among other factors.     

1951—2014年淮河流域降水量时空变化特征

以1951—2014年淮河流域29个站点月降水量数据为研究对象,运用线性趋势、累积距平、小波分析及空间分析等方法,分析了降水量时间和空间变化特征.结果表明:(1)1951—2014年,年、春、夏和秋季降水量呈不显著减少趋势,冬季降水量则具有不显著增加趋势.(2)春、秋和冬季易发生旱涝灾害,夏季降水量变化控制年降水量变化.(3)年降水量具有准2a和6a振荡周期.(4)东南部年和四季降水量多于西北部,这与我国年和四季降水量分布模式一致.(5)空间上,年和四季降水量变率中,年和夏季最大,降水量减少区域呈半环状包围降水量增加区域;整个流域冬季降水量几乎没有变化.     

厄尔尼诺事件对钱塘江流域降水的影响

论文通过对钱塘江流域5个测站（富阳、密赛、佛堂、金华及衢县）1963－1998年降水量的分析，探讨了厄尔尼诺事件与研究区夏季及冬季降水的关系，结果表明，研究区不同季节的降水量与厄尔尼诺事件存在着不同程度的联系。     

ENSO事件对中国东部降水的影响研究

ENSO事件是影响全球气候异常的强信号 ,目前人们就ENSO事件对我国气候影响的研究 ,主要集中在夏季旱涝、台风和东北低温上 ,而在其对气候的季节影响方面研究的较少 .本文主要利用 1915年至 1998年我国东部 36个站点的月降水量等数据资料 ,采用X2 检验的统计方法 ,试图在一个更长的时间序列上来研究我国四季降水与EN SO事件的关系 .统计结果表明 :ENSO事件对中国东部降水的影响随季节、地区的不同而出现不同的特点 .夏季和秋季是ENSO事件与中国季节降水相关较显著的季节 ,其中尤以秋季更为显著 ,华北和华中地区是相关较好的地区 .     

云南2009—2012年4年连旱的气候成因研究

利用云南124个气象站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析资料、全球海表面温度(SST)资料以及向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了云南2009—2012年连续4年干旱的气候特征,并从异常大气环流、海温、局地对流等方面分析了4年连续夏季干旱发生的成因.结果表明:①云南2009—2012年干旱是一次持续时间长,跨越春、夏、秋、冬四季、影响范围广的全省性严重干旱,最严重的区域主要是滇中及滇东南.并且是发生在云南降水减少的气候背景下.②2009—2012年夏季500 hPa欧亚地区高、中、低纬度的高度场分布不是很相似,但4年的环流配置形势表明东亚冷空气路径偏东,影响中国西南地区的冷空气偏弱,不利于冷空气南下影响云南.另外2009年和2010年副高位置偏西偏强,云南在其控制之下,不利于降水;而2011年和2012年副高位置偏北偏东,其外围的水汽不易输送到云南.③2009—2012年云南大部地区及其南侧的孟加拉湾地区高度场持续偏高,孟加拉湾附近的印缅槽不活跃或偏弱,也不利于南方水汽向云南界内输送.④El Nino事件发展期、La Nina事件衰弱期以及印度洋海温偏暖时都有利于云南干旱的发生和发展.⑤2009—2012年夏季云南局地及其以南大部地区基本维持低层辐散、高层辐合的垂直散度场配置,不利于上升运动的生成和发展.孟加拉湾及南海一带基本为西北或偏东气流控制,向北输送的水汽较常年偏弱,是造成云南连续4年夏季干旱少雨异常气候的直接原因之一.⑥2009—2012年连续4年夏季云南局地对流相对常年偏弱,这也是云南降水偏少的重要因素之一.     

1525-2000年强火山喷发与ENSO事件的关系

根据美国Smithsonian研究院的全球火山计划发布火山喷发年表,筛选出1525-2000年强火山喷发(火山喷发指数IVE≥4),并分为强火山喷发(IVE=4)和极强火山喷发(IVE≥5);利用Gergis重建了1525-2000年ENSO 年表,得到不同类型的ENSO 事件,分别对强火山喷发和ENSO 事件进行10a累计统计.对1525-2000年强火山喷发次数和ENSO事件次数进行匹配.结果表明:1525-2000年,强火山喷发出现195次,其中IVE=4的强火山喷发153次,极强火山喷发42次;ENSO 事件出现399次,包括188次厄尔尼诺事件和211次拉尼娜事件.强火山喷发后的ENSO 事件次数明显多于出现前2a内无强火山喷发的ENSO 事件次数,且强火山喷发后的ENSO 事件中厄尔尼诺、拉尼娜次数相当,而出现前2a内无强火山喷发的ENSO 事件中拉尼娜事件明显多于厄尔尼诺事件.强火山喷发后的厄尔尼诺事件出现137次,拉尼娜出现136次,两者出现次数持平.不同强度的火山喷发后,厄尔尼诺事件与拉尼娜事件出现概率基本相等.      

黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化与厄尔尼诺的关系

利用黄、东海沿岸8个长期水文观测站多年海表温度资料,分析黄、东海沿岸海表温度的季节和年际变化特征,重点分析在1982—1983年和1997—1998年两次厄尔尼诺年期间的异常变化,以及ENSO影响黄、东海沿岸海表温度的可能机制。结果表明,在厄尔尼诺发生年,夏季风较弱,鄂霍次克海高压加强,西太平洋副高位置偏南,强度偏强,江淮流域及长江中下游降水偏多,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低。黄、东海沿岸海表温度受到ENSO和PDO(太平洋年代际振荡)的影响和调制,在厄尔尼诺发生的前冬半年及当年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏低;在厄尔尼诺发生次年,黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。厄尔尼诺对黄、东海沿岸海表温度变化的影响通过海洋和大气2个通道,1982—1983年海表温度异常以负异常为主,1997—1998年海表温度异常以正异常为主;ENSO期间,北赤道流减弱,黑潮流量减少,海表温度降低。海表温度受局地气温影响显著,如果ENSO期间东亚气温升高,则黄、东海沿岸海表温度偏高。     

赤道太平洋中东部海温异常与中国东部降水异常的统计关系

厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜海洋现象对世界气候的影响非常大,我国东部地处太平洋西岸,降水明显受其影响.本文从1950~1999年50年赤道太平洋中东部海温距平资料入手,得出厄尔尼诺现象和拉尼娜现象50年的表现特征.然后对中国东部夏季降水异常情况进行统计,分析了太平洋海温异常与中国东部降水异常的统计关系.并因此得到El Nino年华北显著偏旱,淮河流域El Nino年出现涝灾的概率达到50%,长江中下游地区出现在El Nino年和La Nina年的旱涝年数相差不大,华南在El Nino年出现的旱年数占全部旱年的50%等一些有意义的结论.     

近57年来El Nino/La Nina事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘气候的影响

根据1955年~2011年期间发生的El Nino/La Nina事件和鄂尔多斯高原东缘3个站点(兴县,绥德和榆林)的气象资料,利用统计分析的方法研究了1955年以来该区的降水量、温度、旱涝灾害与El Nino/La Nina事件之间的关系,揭示了El Nino/La Nina事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘气候的影响.结果表明,鄂尔多斯高原东缘近57年降水量呈减少趋势而气温呈升高的趋势;厄尔尼诺年降水量比正常年平均降水量少87.6 mm,年平均气温比正常年高0.2℃;拉尼娜年降水量比正常年均降水量少22.3 mm,年平均气温比正常年低0.1℃,且其年降水量递减率和增温率略高于全国.厄尔尼诺事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘降水量减少的影响和气温上升的影响要大于拉尼娜事件对鄂尔多斯高原东缘的影响.由小波分析可知,鄂尔多斯高原东缘降水变化在30 a尺度内存在2 a、8 a、20 a、27 a的变化周期,而气温变化在30 a尺度内存在3 a、5 a、7 a、29 a的变化周期.El Nino/La Nina事件对该区的旱涝灾害影响显著,旱灾年份出现厄尔尼诺的概率为63%,出现拉尼娜的概率为25%,厄尔尼诺年易于发生旱灾.     

The influence of moderate ENSO on summer rainfall in eastern China and its comparison with strong ENSO

The 6 major ENSO events since 1979 are classified into the strong and moderate ENSO based on intensity. The composite analysis is performed to reveal the influence of ENSO on East Asian summer monsoon （EASM） and summer rainfall in eastern China. It is shown that the influence is changed with the seasonal cycle in summer, with a weaker influence in June and a stronger influence in August, indicating a long lagged effect of ENSO on EASM. Besides, the circulation and rainfall anomalies caused by the strong ENSO are also stronger with an earlier starting time, while the influence of the moderate ENSO is evident in August. The composite summer rainfall in eastern China for the moderate ENSO exhibits a northern rainfall pattern, which is totally different from the classical ENSO-type rainfall pattern. Based on the composite analysis, two moderate ENSO years with a similar intensity （i.e., 1995 and 2003） are compared. The result shows that, the response of EASM to the moderate ENSO during June and July is, to a certain degree, modulated by the circulation systems in mid-high latitudes of Eurasia and in the Southern Hemisphere, thereby inducing a different rainfall distribution in eastern China. In comparison with the strong ENSO in 1983, it is further revealed that, the strong ENSO plays a dominant role in summer rainfall anomalies in eastern China as well as in controlling the influence of the other factors on EASM. The strong ENSO is therefore different with the moderate ENSO.     

The combined effects of the ENSO and the Arctic Oscillation on the winter climate anomalies in East Asia

With the warm/cold phases of the El Ni o and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a background, the impacts of monthly variation in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) on the winter climate anomalies in East Asia are studied with the NCEP/DOE Reanalysis 2 data and the Chinese station data regarding temperature and rainfall. The combined effects of ENSO and the AO indicate that the winter climate anomalies are mainly influenced by the AO in northern China and the ENSO in southern China, when an El Ni o couples with a negative AO month or a La Ni a couples with a positive AO month. These climate anomalies in China are consistent with the mechanisms proposed in previous studies. However, most of China presents a different pattern of climate anomalies if an El Ni o couples with a positive AO month or a La Ni a couples with a negative AO month, with the exception of the temperature anomalies in northern China, which are still affected dominantly by the AO. Further analysis suggests that the causes are attributed to the differences in both the stratosphere-troposphere interaction and the extratropics-tropics interaction. In the former cases, zonal symmetric circulation prevails in the winter and the extratropics-tropics interaction is weakened. Thus, the influences of the ENSO and the AO on the East Asian climate mainly present linear combination effects. On the contrary, an annular mode of atmospheric circulation is not favored in the latter cases and the extratropics-tropics interaction is strong. Hence, the combined effects of the ENSO and the AO on the winter climate in East Asia present nonlinear characteristics.     

徐州地区2009—2013年旱情及其对农业的影响

利用降水数据,采用Mann-Kendall检验和SPI指数方法从不同时间尺度分析徐州地区干旱发展趋势,结合实地调研结果,给出近年干旱形成的原因。降水趋势分析表明,徐州地区1951—2013年降水量呈逐年减少趋势,其中春、秋和冬季更显著。年尺度的SPI指数结果显示,徐州地区干旱有显著增强趋势。从季度尺度SPI指数分析来看,春、秋和冬季干旱程度整体有增强趋势,夏季相反但并不明显。计算了2009—2013年徐州地区的逐月SPI指数,发现除2011年各月主要呈现为中旱外,其余年份各月则以轻旱为主。自然降水过程通常不能满足小麦生长需水量,需要灌溉补偿。部分县乡存在农田水利设施薄弱、缺乏合理灌溉措施等问题,这也是加重其农业干旱的重要原因之一。     

厄尔尼诺年的中国各区域降水特征

本文用自然正文函数分别展开了历年(1951～1983年共33年)和9个厄尔尼诺年的全国务区域年降水量距平形势场.比较两种特征场后发现,厄尔尼诺年的年降水分布特征是比较特殊少见的,然后分析了这种情况下全国各区域降水距平配置形势.     

华南季节干旱及连旱特征分析

 利用1951-2006年实测降水量资料,通过统计方法分析了华南各季节降水量的时空变化及季节干旱特征。结果发现,各季降水量总体上在华南区域空间尺度上有显著的同号变化关系。华南夏季降水量的距平幅度增大,并有增多的长期趋势;秋季降水量则有距平幅度减弱的长期趋势;冬春季降水量的逐年变化存在显著的同相关系。华南秋季发生干旱的频数较其它季节高;春－夏连旱频数较其它季节连旱事件频数要低。