混凝土随机损伤本构关系研究新进展

提出了一类混凝土细观损伤物理模型，用于解释高性能混凝土在本构层次上的细观损伤演化特征，建立了混凝土单轴受拉，单轴受压与双轴拉压组合条件下的随机损伤本构关系模型。利用混凝土单轴受拉破坏全过程的声发射实验数据，引入随机建模理论，确立了细观损伤单元的极限破坏应变随机场分布参数，通过与一批高性能混凝土本构关系试验数据相比较，初步证实了采用随机损伤本构关系反映混凝土受力破坏机理的可行性。     

混凝土随机损伤本构关系

结合破坏力学和统计力学的思想,研究了基于损伤随机演化观点的混凝土本构关系和混凝土受拉损伤发展随机演化规律。根据混凝土微细观材料破坏的声发射试验,确定了混凝土微单元破坏应变的随机分布特征。通过对混凝土受拉试件细观物理机制抽分析,揭示了混凝土轴心受拉应力－应变关系中的应力跌落现象,并建立了跌落后的应力表达式。     

基于统计损伤理论的混凝土双轴拉-压本构模型研究

基于细观统计损伤理论及宏观试验现象,本文建立了混凝土双轴拉-压细观统计损伤本构模型.该模型考虑断裂、屈服两种细观拉损伤模式,损伤演化过程由主方向的拉、压应变驱动.将单轴拉伸、单轴压缩作为两种最基本的宏观破坏形式,复杂应力状态下的损伤破坏过程理解为单轴拉伸、压缩损伤演化过程的某种组合形式.引入等效传递拉损伤应变和损伤影响参数,建立宏观拉、压破坏模式对应细观损伤机制之间的等效关系.通过与试验结果比较,表明该模型能够很好地模拟双轴拉-压加载情况下材料均匀损伤阶段的力学行为.对双轴拉-压比例加载路径下应力-应变曲线进行预测,提取出双轴拉压强度包络线,从双轴强度、变形特性、破坏形态等角度对材料的双轴拉-压损伤机制进行探讨.     

竹楠木顺纹力学性能试验研究

目的分析比较几种胶合木材料,研究竹楠木拉、抗压基本力学性能,给出基于木材强度设计值的计算方法为基础的竹楠木拉压强度设计值建议值.方法按照《木材物理力学性能试验方法》和《木材无疵小试样的试验方法》对竹楠木材顺纹抗拉和抗压进行试验研究,测得竹楠木顺纹抗拉、抗压强度.结果试验结果表明竹楠木抗压经历了弹性、弹塑性和破坏3个阶段,发生塑性破坏;抗拉经历了较长的弹性阶段后发生脆性破坏.试验得到竹楠木顺纹抗拉强度可达98.1 MPa,顺纹抗压强度可达73.3 MPa.结论竹楠木顺纹强度具有离散性,抗拉强度的离散性要高于其抗压强度.竹楠木胶合竹材能够满足建筑结构对材料抗拉压力学性能的要求,试验结果对竹楠木的合理利用和深入研究提供理论依据.     

纤维复合材料分层缺陷演化声发射行为

对含内置分层缺陷的玻璃纤维复合材料进行3点弯曲实验,并利用声发射实时监测其破坏过程,获得复合材料弯曲损伤的力学性能、破坏特性和声发射响应行为.实验研究表明:玻璃纤维复合材料试件加载过程中载荷与挠度曲线呈非线性关系,加载破坏过程中伴随着基体开裂、纤维断裂等损伤模式.试件的失效载荷随内置分层缺陷面积的增大而减小,含分层复合材料试件声发射撞击累积数和相对能量高于无缺陷试件.纤维复合材料的分层缺陷演化及其破坏行为与对应声发射信号幅值、撞击累积数、相对能量等特征参数具有一定的相关性.     

体内预应力胶合木梁抗弯承载能力研究

为研究体内预应力胶合木梁的抗弯承载能力,结合国内外相关试验研究结论,基于Bazan的木材本构关系模型、平截面假定和极限应变分析方法,提出了受拉破坏模式和受压破坏模式的判别方法,建立了构件极限承载能力公式,算例表明,本文给出的公式计算结果与试验值吻合较好;考察了极限承载能力与有效张拉力的关系,研究表明,有效张拉力是影响胶合木梁受弯破坏模式的决定性因素,且木材顺纹受压区下降段的力学性能参数对极限承载能力与有效张拉力之间的关系影响很大;定量地分析了受拉破坏模式和受压破坏模式下,承载能力极限状态下的预应力筋内力均与有效张拉力近似呈线性关系的性质;分析了预应力筋有效张拉力的上、下限值,分别对应:承载能力极限状态下预应力筋刚好屈服、受拉破坏与受压破坏同时发生,并给出了上、下限值解析解的表达形式.     

单向增强玻璃纤维/环氧复合材料板的破坏曲面

考虑细观状态下纤维与基体的基本特性,采用文的基本假定和分析方法,本文计算了玻璃/环氧实心纤维及空心纤维单向板在宏观荷截下的破坏曲面.一般来讲,单向板纵向受拉时主要是由纤维承受截荷,此外,环氧树脂基体具有不等的拉压弹性极限.因此,本文考虑不同应力状态下应采用不同的极限强度值进行细观校核,认为受纵向拉伸截荷时考虑纤维的破坏;而受纵向压缩截荷时考虑基体的压缩破坏;受横向拉压截荷时考虑基体的拉压破坏.由此计算得到了实心纤维与空心纤维单向板在纤维体积含量不同时破坏曲线的变化趋势.     

单轴载荷作用下岩石损伤演化及声发射特性研究

本文通过对两种不同岩石试样进行了单轴载荷破坏过程中声发射特性试验,得到了岩石全应力应变破坏过程中,声发射事件时间序列、事件累计数时间序列等声发射特性,分析了岩样损伤破裂不同阶段与声发射参数的内在联系与特征规律,研究表明,声发射信息反映岩石内部的损伤破坏情况,与其内部原生裂隙的压密及新裂隙的产生、扩展、贯通等演化过程密切相关,通过声发射事件数参数拟合出的理论应力应变曲线能够合理地反映岩石实际的应力应变和损伤演化特性,对预测预报岩石破坏失效的过程具有有着极其重要的理论价值和实际意义。     

多轴向增强拉挤复合材料木夹芯梁弯曲试验

为解决传统GFRP(玻纤增强复合材料)型材的节点弱、刚度低等缺陷问题,提出一种以花旗松为芯材、以多轴向GFRP为外壳的新型拉挤复合材料夹芯梁,对比研究了木梁、GFRP空管梁和GFRP木夹芯梁的四点弯曲性能,采用声发射监测梁的损伤演变.结果表明:木梁发生受拉破坏,空管梁的腹板和上翼缘发生屈曲、褶皱,夹芯梁面层发生褶皱破坏;相比木梁和空管梁,夹芯梁的极限承载力最大提高约250%和50%,抗弯刚度最大提高约160%和90%;单向布增强梁的强度和刚度最低,三向布可兼顾梁的抗弯刚度和横向强度,延缓发生腹板-翼缘分离.声发射研究表明:累积能量、累积撞击数和荷载的时程曲线有较好的一致性,累积撞击数率比反映了梁的微观损伤累积程度,累积能量率比反映了梁的宏观损伤特征.     

不同围压条件下花岗岩压缩破坏声发射特征细观数值模拟

采用颗粒流软件PFC2D从细观上对侧限压缩下的非均匀花岗岩岩样进行了声发射(AE)时空特征研究.结果表明,随着围压的增加,岩样破坏的峰值荷载提高,破坏形式由突发失稳逐渐转变为渐进式破坏.岩样声发射的峰值出现时间和岩样的峰值破坏不同步,存在一定的滞后,大约出现在峰后90%峰值荷载处.在岩样破坏前均存在声发射的相对平静期,围压的大小不仅对声发射的时序特征有显著影响,而且声发射相对平静期也随着围压的增加而延长.通过对应变能的追踪,发现在声发射相对平静期存在应变能被吸收的现象,验证了在岩石破坏过程中存在损伤愈合过程.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the