吸附预处理对缓解超滤膜污染的试验研究

以鄱阳湖原水为研究对象,考察了PAC吸附预处理对超滤膜处理出水的水质、膜通量变化和膜截留性能的影响,并探讨了不同条件下引起膜污染的污染物种类。结果表明,吸附预处理可以提高膜通量,缓解膜污染,处理后的原水中TOC的去除率大约为40%,提高了吸附-超滤组合工艺对有机物的去除效果。当增加吸附预处理,膜通量下降幅度明显减小,相比鄱阳湖原水直接进行超滤处理时的膜通量,能提升20%以上。在最佳吸附预处理条件下,超滤膜主要截留了鄱阳湖原水中的色氨酸、溶解性微生物产物和一部分腐殖酸,说明类蛋白质是引起膜通量下降的主要污染物。因此,采用吸附-超滤组合工艺可以提高超滤膜过水通量,缓解膜污染。     

粉末活性炭吸附对超滤膜处理再生水膜污染状况的影响

利用粉末活性炭-超滤(PAC-UF)组合工艺处理污水厂二级出水中腐殖酸(humic acid,HA)溶液,主要考察在不同的PAC投加量工况下对膜通量的影响、膜污染阻力变化、Hermia经典过滤堵塞模型拟合和膜污染趋势分析情况。结果表明,PAC颗粒本身几乎不会影响膜通量的下降,处理腐殖酸类有机溶液的PAC最佳投加量为20 mg/L;腐殖酸导致的膜污染以不可逆膜污染为主,其与滤饼层污染模型的拟合度最好;将超滤阶段分为初期黏附阶段与后期黏聚阶段,初期阶段导致的膜通量下降更加剧烈,后期阶段形成的滤饼层有效的拦截有机物避免直接接触超滤膜。     

再絮凝预处理对超滤膜的污染控制研究

试验针对混凝-沉淀-再絮凝-超滤组合工艺对水中有机物的强化去除效果和膜污染的控制效能展开研究.结果表明:再絮凝-超滤组合工艺对有机物的单元去除率可达26%,远高于传统的超滤膜组合工艺;同时,该工艺对有机物的去除主要体现在对中性亲水性有机物和分子量分别大于10kDa和小于1kDa的有机物方面,与传统超滤膜工艺有较大区别.当采用硫酸铝作为再絮凝剂,其投加量达到6.0mg/L时,统一膜污染指数(UMFI)达到最小(0.061 3m2/L),表明再絮凝预处理工艺能够更为有效地控制超滤膜的污染.Zeta电位的测试结果表明:再絮凝过程可使沉后水中残余的胶体Zeta电位降至0,从而减轻了膜表面对污染物的吸附;而再絮凝过程中微小絮体的形成也使得沉后水中颗粒物粒径增大,防止了膜孔堵塞现象的发生并使得形成的滤饼层结构较为松散,从而取得良好的超滤膜污染控制效果.     

SUVA值与超滤膜污染的关系

以比紫外吸光度(SUVA)值作为水样中有机物亲疏水特性的表征,基于滤饼过滤模型分析SUVA值变化对膜通量的影响,探究其与膜污染的关系.对以胡敏酸和富里酸配制不同SUVA值的水样进行试验,结果发现:随着水样中胡敏酸质量浓度的升高,SUVA值增大,水中疏水性有机物比例提高,亲水性有机物质量浓度减少;水样经过超滤后SUVA值降低8.35%～43.4%;超滤对有机物的截留以强疏水性有机物为主,截留率在65.79%以上.滤饼过滤模型能很好地拟合试验结果,模型中反应滤饼阻力的kp值与SUVA值显著相关,SUVA值较高的水样,其膜污染程度较高.     

有机物的特性对超滤膜通量的影响

采用DAX-8型树脂,将有机物分离成疏水性和亲水性组分,并研究它们各自对超滤膜通量的影响.试验表明,投加100 mg.L-1粉末活性炭,尽管总有机炭(TOC)去除率达40%,但膜过滤通量没有得到改善.投加25 mg.L-1和100 mg.L-1硫酸铝混凝剂,TOC去除率仅为19.2%和31.6%,但通量得到了明显的改善.研究表明,通量的下降在很大程度上取决于超滤膜截留有机物的组分.膜截留疏水性有机物越多,则通量下降也越严重.研究同时表明,超滤膜过滤混凝和粉末炭处理水,截留在膜内的有机物组分有很大的不同.过滤混凝处理水时,膜倾向于截留亲水性有机物,而过滤粉末炭处理水时,膜倾向于截留疏水性有机物.     

聚醚砜中空纤维超滤膜的化学清洗

以某电厂的超滤膜为研究对象,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)、EDX能谱仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪等表征仪器对污染后的膜形貌及膜污染物进行了表征分析.结果表明:超滤膜同时存在有机物污染和无机物污染,外表面主要为无机污染物,内表面主要为有机污染物.使用了HCl、NaOH、NaClO及乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)等化学清洗剂对膜进行了化学清洗,发现经NaClO和EDTA清洗后,膜通量恢复较明显;并对NaClO和EDTA清洗体系的清洗温度和清洗时间进行优化.研究了NaClO和EDTA的组合清洗对膜通量恢复的影响.结果发现:NaClO和EDTA对膜清洗效果表现出协同作用,方案F清洗后能使膜通量恢复到最大值1 780 L/(m2·h).     

在线周期反冲洗超滤膜污染过程研究

采用切割分子量105Da的中空纤维超滤膜,对污水厂二沉池出水进行了不同频度周期反冲洗超滤试验,试验结果与膜污染过程的理论分析相一致.过滤膜阻与反冲洗次数或过滤时间的关系曲线可分为两段:起初的增长段为不可逆滤饼层的累积阶段,直线的斜率为各次反冲洗不可逆膜阻增量;后期的水平段为滤饼层累积与剥离达到相对平衡的阶段.增加在线反冲洗频度降低了不可逆膜阻增量,有效提高了净产水速率.扫描电镜分析结果表明,水力反冲洗去除了部分膜表面污染物,将滤饼层变得松散,一定程度上减轻了膜污染,经化学清洗后,膜表面的滤饼层基本被去除.     

陶瓷膜超滤过程研究及模型分析

采用截留相对分子质量为8 000的陶瓷膜,对聚乙二醇(PEG)溶液进行超滤实验,考察不同操作条件对陶瓷膜超滤过程分离性能的影响及膜污染机制,利用细孔模型对陶瓷超滤膜进行模拟表征,得出等效孔径和等效膜厚,并运用组合模型对膜污染内在机制进行分析。结果表明:细孔模型能较好地运用于陶瓷超滤膜微观结构的表征,通过对不同相对分子质量PEG超滤过程的拟合分析得出了膜结构参数;在操作压力为0.3 MPa、膜面流速为0.5 m/s条件下,PEG 20 000的陶瓷膜超滤过程污染最严重,采用完全堵塞和滤饼过滤组合模型描述该过程的通量衰减趋势与实验值吻合良好。     

混凝-超滤处理低温低浊受污染水试验研究

以某市江水为研究对象,考察混凝-超滤组合工艺处理低温低浊受污染水的效果,比较不同混凝预处理形式对超滤膜膜通量的影响以及膜滤出水水质的变化.结果表明,混凝预处理可以减缓膜污染,改善膜通量,可将出水的浊度控制在0.2 ntu以下,提高了组合工艺对有机物的去除效果.当混凝剂投加量为30 mg/L时,混凝-超滤组合工艺对UV254和DOC的总去除率分别达到56.5%和39.0%.混凝后直接膜滤对超滤膜膜通量的影响最小,在60 m in内通量下降了11.5%,对UV254和DOC去除率效果最好,平均去除率为37.5%和32.9%.因此采用在线混凝-UF组合工艺可以更明显地改善低温低浊水的处理效果.     

PAC及颗粒物对超滤膜有机物污染的影响

为了研究粉末活性炭(PAC)及水中颗粒物对浸没式中空纤维超滤膜有机物污染的影响特性,分别采用单独超滤和PAC-超滤工艺处理含不同污染物的原水,分析其膜比通量和跨膜压差的变化。结果发现:与单独超滤清水相比,投加25 mg/L和100 mg/L的PAC后,稳定运行的膜比通量分别下降了0.06和0.14 L/(h.m2.kPa)。与单独超滤天然有机物污染原水相比,投加20、50、100 mg/L的PAC时的跨膜压差增长速率分别下降了0.003 1、0.002 3、0.001 7kPa/min。天然有机物原水中投加高岭土后经单独超滤和PAC-超滤工艺处理,水力反洗后的归一化膜比通量与投加前相比,分别平均提高了5%和2.6%。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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