Diet control on carbon isotopic composition of land snail shell carbonate

Carbon isotope compositions for both the carbonate shells and soft bodies (organic tissue) of living land snails collected mostly from the Loess Plateau, China have been measured. The result shows that δ 13C values range from -13.1‰ to -4.3‰ for the aragonite shell samples and from -26.8‰ to -18.0‰ for the soft body samples. Although the shells are enriched in 13C relative to the bodies averagely by 14.2(±0.8)‰, the shell δ 13Ca values are closely correlated to the body δ 13Corg values, expressed as δ 13Ca = 1.021 δ 13Corg 14.38 (R = 0.965; N = 31). This relationship indicates that δ 13Ca is primarily a function of the isotopic composition of the snail diets since previous studies have proved that the snail body is the same as their food in carbon isotope composition. In other words, carbon isotope compo-sition of the carbonate shell can be used as a proxy to estimate the dietary 13C abundance of the land snails. The data also support that the 13C enrichment of the carbonate shells results mainly from the equilibrium fractionations between the metabolic CO2, HCO3-in the hemolymph and shell aragonite, and partially from kinetic fractionations when snail shells form during their activity.     

A chemical index of weathering without effect of wind sorting: Fe/Mg ratios in the acid-insoluble phases of loess deposits

Chemical analysis of acid-insoluble fractions in loess and paleosols shows that concentrations of Fe and Mg were under control of wind sorting and post-depositional weathering-pedogenesis. The former caused Fe and Mg concentrated in the finer grain-size fractions, displaying synchronous variations, while the latter made Fe and Mg separated, leading to Fe retained in the weathered section and Mg leached out. Therefore, Fe/Mg ratios in the acid insoluble fraction of loess and paleosols can eliminate the effect of wind sorting and serve as an excellent proxy record on intensity of weathering-pedogenesis. Based on calculation, leaching percentage of Mg in the paleosol S1 from the Luochuan, Xifeng and Huanxian sections is 15%, 11% and 2%, respectively, and on average 9% for the paleosols S₂—S₁₄ from the Luochuan section, with the highest value amounting to 22% in S_5-1, suggesting the strongest weathering-pedogenesis.     

海洋物理化学因素对造礁珊瑚生长的影响

通过对现有资料的分析,研究了环境单因子改变对造礁珊瑚的影响.珊瑚礁发育受海平面控制,形成与海平面动荡相适应的功能骨架.大气CO2浓度升高易引起海水CO23-浓度下降,降低CaCO3各种矿物(文石、方解石等)饱和度,减缓造礁珊瑚石灰化过程,对珊瑚礁生态系统赖以生存的海洋环境构成严重威胁.文石海的高x(Mg)/x(Ca)值不利于古代低镁方解石质四射珊瑚的生长,而对现代文石质的六射珊瑚有利.富营养化水体易诱发共生藻游离出珊瑚宿主,造成珊瑚白化甚至死亡.     

阆中南部地区大安寨段储层特征及控制因素

利用沉积岩石学、储层地质学、测井地质学等理论及技术方法,依据钻井、录井、岩芯、测井和室内测试分析 等资料,对研究区侏罗系自流井组大安寨段储层特征及控制因素开展了研究。研究表明,大安寨段储集层岩性为残余 介壳灰岩、粉粗晶介壳灰岩、亮晶介壳屑灰岩和泥质介壳灰岩;岩石以介壳为主,矿物以方解石为主,沉积环境主 要为介屑滩微相;主要储渗空间为溶蚀孔洞、晶间孔和裂缝,孔隙以微孔隙为主,喉道以微喉道为主;储层孔隙总体较 差,主要为微孔微喉型和微孔细喉型;储层为孔隙、裂缝双重介质型的特低孔低渗致密储层。储集体分布受沉积微相 控制,介屑滩相是储层发育的最有利相带;优质储层的发育受沉积古地貌高地控制;溶蚀作用、构造破裂作用等对溶蚀 孔洞和裂缝的发育起建设性作用,压实压溶作用、方解石胶结作用对储层物性起破坏性作用。     

中国黄土中松山-高斯极性倒转事件记录的空间对比

前人古地磁学研究表明,中国黄土不同剖面中松山-高斯(M/G)地磁极性转换界线记录层位并不一致,有的记录在黄土中,有的记录在红粘土中,这种不一致现象将可能影响到基于古地磁的黄土年代框架的建立及与全球气候记录的准确对比。针对这一问题,选取目前已有的典型黄土剖面中M/G地磁极性转换研究的结果进行了对比分析,并尝试采用磁化率-深度曲线的空间对比来检验不同剖面M/G界线层位记录的差异,结果表明中国黄土中M/G界线均记录在由磁化率-深度曲线所反映的"黄土L33层",说明黄土中M/G界线层位记录不一致的现象可能主要是由于地层划分方案的差异所致。根据这一思想,论文尝试对传统的洛川、西峰黄土地层划分方案进行部分修订,并简要介绍了M/G界线记录的海陆对比差异和未来利用宇宙成因核素10Be示踪M/G极性倒转事件过程的可能性,以期为研究黄土中地磁极性转换过程和确切层位提供一种新方法。     

核桃壳吸附水中铁效能研究

为了研究核桃壳对铁的吸附性能,用云南产普通核桃壳进行除铁的静态吸附试验研究,考察核桃壳对铁的去除效果。结果表明核桃壳对铁有一定的去除效果。得到核桃壳的最佳投加量为500g/L,最佳吸附时间为120min,最佳吸附含铁浓度为0.1g/L,去除率可达94.56%。对铁的吸附规律较好地符合Freundlich吸附等温式。     

贝壳珍珠层动态的文石板片厚度及其新结构模型

利用扫描电镜对大珠母贝、合浦珠母贝及三角帆蚌壳中区珍珠层自然断面微结构进行了系统的研究,首次发现贝壳珍珠层纵向文石板片厚度在不同部位具有明显的差异,大珠母贝、合浦珠母贝及三角帆蚌珍珠层从内层面到外层面文石板片最大厚度差分别达到462、246、26nm;并根据SEM观察结果初步建立了一种新的连续可变厚度型珍珠层结构模型,这对生物矿物学、物理光学及仿生材料学方面的相关研究具有重要指导意义.     

广西合浦养殖珍珠的宝石学特征

合浦养殖珍珠的结构可分为珍珠层型、棱柱层型及复合型三类。化学成分主要为碳酸钙，其次为有机质和水，此外含有多种微量元素。矿物成分是由碳酸钙的两种矿物相－文石和方解石组成，文石为主要组成矿物，文石与方解石含量的比值愈高，珍珠质量愈好，反之，愈差。珍珠中的微量元素没有以类质同像方式参与到矿物晶格中，水是以吸附态存在。珍珠的颜色以白色、淡黄色为主，密度２．６５～２．７６ｇ／ｃｍ３，维氏硬度１６３～１８３ｋｇ／ｍｍ２，折光率１．５３３～１．６９０，珍珠形态以圆形为主，大小一般在４～７ｍｍ，珍珠工艺性能的评价通常采用“光、重、圆、大”四字标准。     

Loess buried paleosols geosols welded paleosols pedocomplexes towards a global quaternary pedostratigraphy and paleoclimatic history

Micromorphological studies show that a comparision of the loess-paleosol sequence of the Karamaydan section, Central Asia, with the upper part of the Luochuan section, China, clearly indicates that for the Brunhes chron the sequence at Karamaydan is even more detailed than the corresponding section at Luochuan. Single paleosols at Luochuan correspond to pedocomplexes at Karamaydan; some pedocomplexes at Luochuan are represented by more detailed successions at Karamaydan (fig. 1). The loess-paleosol sequence at Karamaydan should therefore be regarded as a key sequence for reconstructing the climatic history of the Brunhes epoch. Correlation with the deep-sea oxygen isotope record of Bassinot et al. (1994), which includes an accurate astronomical time scale, allows a detailed chronostratigraphical subdivision of the loess-paleosol sequence in Karamaydan for the Brunhes chron. Mineralogical and clay mineralogical investigations show that there is little difference in the type and amount of pedogenic clay mineral formation between two Holocene soils and the paleosols in the Brunhes chron at Karamaydan. These results indicate that the climates of the interglacials represented by the B or Bt horizons of the buried paleosols were similar to that of the Holocene. In view of these results the Paleopedology Commission should develop a uniform terminology of mono- and polygenetic paleosols and pedostratigraphic units which can be used globally.     

基于软件工程的层壳非线性有限元分析建模

对于非线性复合材料层合板壳的有限元分析,关键在于如何根据结构分析的特点构造其数学模型。按一次板壳理论,以四边形四节点单元为例,介绍了其数学建模的过程与方法,导出了层合板壳有限元分析模型,并给出了基于软件工程的计算机逻辑模型。     

3种制备碳酸钙粉体方法的红外比较研究

采用沸腾回流法、半透膜法、模板静置法制备碳酸钙粉体材料.用傅里叶红外光谱仪检测,分析了3种方法中不同实验条件对碳酸钙产物的影响.沸腾回流法可以通过控制实验条件制备大量文石型碳酸钙,半透膜法可以同时制备方解石型和文石型碳酸钙,模板静置法可以通过改变模板制备不同碳酸钙晶体构型,本实验分别制备了方解石和文石型碳酸钙.     

草龟龟壳拱形结构承载特点分析

乌龟在经过亿万年的生物进化,结构、形态和功能等都得到全面的优化。以中华草龟龟壳为研究对象,利用CT断层扫描技术和MIMICS、Geomagic studio逆向工程软件,实现了草龟龟壳结构的三维模型重构。利用LS-DYNA有限元软件对龟壳的拱形结构进行了低应变率下的压缩数值仿真。分析比较了龟壳拱形结构与圆拱形结构的承载特点。结果表明:与相同体积的圆拱形结构相比,龟壳拱形结构有较高的结构刚度,可以承受更高的压力;在压缩量相同的条件下,龟壳拱形结构能够保持较大的内腔容积。龟壳拱形结构对于薄壳类结构的设计具有一定的借鉴作用。     

弹性薄壳大变形分析的杂交应力法

本文基于增量余能原理,导出了用于板壳几何非线性分析的假定应力杂交模型。根据单元体边界和内部位移的协调内插以及满足单元体内应力平衡的应力分布假定,列出了有限元的公式,而最后的矩阵公式中只包含节点的未知位移。由此我们建立了3节点、15个自由度的三角形扁壳单元。考虑到计算量的原因,我们对这种单元的应力平衡条件进行了简化处理,仅采用部分满足应力平衡方程的非一致模式。有关公式都是在当前的拉格朗日坐标系统中建立的。数值计算结果表明,用杂交应力模式来分析板壳结构的大变形是很有效的。     

Genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age

Zircon U-Pb dating is the most commonly used method for isotopic geochronology. However, it has been a difficult issue when relating zircon U-Pb ages to metamorphic conditions in complex metamorphic rocks. Much progress has been made in the past decade with respect to the genesis of zircon and its constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age. Three methods have been proposed to link zircon U-Pb age to metamorphic conditions: ( i ) internal structure; ( ii ) trace element feature; (iii) mineral inclusion composition. Magmatic zircon shows typical oscillatory zoning and/or sector zoning, whereas metamorphic zircon has internal structures such as no zoned, weakly zoned, cloudy zoned, sector zoned, planar zoned, and patched zoned ones. Zircons formed in different geological environments generally have characteristic internal structures. Magmatic zircons from different rock types have variable trace element abundances, with a general trend of increasing trace element abundances in zircons from ultramafic through mafic to granitic rocks. Zircons formed under different metamorphic conditions have different trace element characteristics that can be used to relate their formation to metamorphic conditions. It is an effective way to relate zircon growth to certain P-T conditions by studying the trace element partitioning between coexisting metamorphic zircon and garnet in high-grade metamorphic rocks containing both zircon and garnet. Primary mineral inclusions in zircon can also provide unambiguous constraints on its formation conditions. Therefore, interpretation of zircon U-Pb ages can be constrained by its internal structure, trace element composition, mineral inclusion and so on.     

Quantitative reconstruction of the paleosalinity in the Daihai Lake, Inner Mongolia, China

Ostracods are small bivalved aquatic crustaceans. They secrete shells of low-Mg calcite that are often preserved in lake sediments. Recent work has shown that the uptake of trace elements (especially Mg and Sr) into the shell may be a function of the salinity and temperature of the host water. We measured Sr/Ca ratios in living ostracod valves from the species of genus Limnocythere cf. inopinata and Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios of the host water to calculate distribution coefficient of genus Limnocythere cf. inopinata in the Daihai Lake. A function for Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratio and salinity was established by measuring a series of Sr²⁺/Ca²⁺ ratios and salinities of the lake water in different places of the Daihai Lake. Finally paleosalinities of the lake water were quantitatively reconstructed by the Sr/Ca ratios of ostracod shells of the same species in sediment core of the Daihai Lake.     

Dynamic analysis of preferential orientation of aragonite crystals in nacre from mollusk shell

Based on the scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations, it is confirmed that the nacre is composed of aragonite crystals and organic matrix with interlaced arrangement, showing ordered "brick-mortar" structure. The dynamic analysis of preferential orientation of aragonite crystals in the nacre from the abalone (Haliotis diverscolor supertexta) with different shell ages is systematically investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Experiments reveal that, in the nacre from the juvenile mollusk shell, there exist three kinds of orientations of aragonite crystals: (113), (002) and (012). However, along with the growing of the mollusk shell, the intensity of (012) and (113) becomes weak, and the (002) becomes the preferred crystal orientation of aragonite in the nacre from the adult mollusk shell, which means that the c axis of aragonite crystals is perpendicular to the nacreous layers. The results obtained show that the nacre possesses a highly ordered structure at the micrometer/nanometer multiscale levels.     

复合材料扁双曲壳的几何非线性分析

板壳结构主要采用有限单元法进行结构设计分析,由于有限单元法设计变量较多,计算复杂,采用Bezier曲面多项式为壳体中面位移和转动分量的试解函数,用半解析法分析了复合材料扁双曲壳在外载荷作用下的变形.结果表明,挠度从中心点到横截面边缘逐渐减少且变化的趋势逐渐增大,半解析解和解析解的分析结果吻合良好,可在工程中借鉴应用.     

贵阳乌当古生代腕足动物化石壳质成份的初步研究

通过对乌当古生代五组腕足动物化石壳和围岩的光谱半定量及红外光谱测试扫描,发现化石壳的化学成份、矿物成份和围岩关系密切,说明石化过程中,置换、交代作用进行得比较完全,这种研究有明显意义。     

单层球面网壳结构稳定若干分析

利用大型通用有限元软件ANSYS对一个40 m跨度的单层K8网壳进行了分析。分析包括静力稳定分析和动力稳定分析。静力稳定分析方面有线弹性屈曲分析、几何非线性稳定分析以及双非线性稳定分析。计算了不同的缺陷下网壳的极限荷载因子,分析了网壳的缺陷敏感性,探讨了采用理想弹塑性模型模拟钢材Q235的合理性。动力稳定分析方面有模态分析和瞬态动力分析。针对网壳是否考虑静荷载作用分别进行模态分析,考察了静力荷载产生的应力和变形对结构的自振频率的影响。采用taft波,并分别用比例调幅为0.3 g和0.4 g,再对网壳进行瞬态动力分析,比较其动力响应,得出了对工程结构设计有用的结论。     

一种简单有效通用的厚、薄板壳元

提出一种简单有效的四边形平板壳元，它由基于Ｍｉｎｄｌｉｎ板理论的平板弯曲元与带有平面内转动的平面膜单元组成。单元中每个结点有六个自由度，易于模拟复杂的壳面连接和易于与别的带有转动自由度的单元相容，此种板壳元能顺利通过弯曲，膜小片检验，无剪切和膜“锁住”及多余零能模式，计算方法简便，适用范围广，且计算精度十分理想，具有广泛的应用前景。