闽江河口潮汐沼泽枯落物分解过程的能量动态特征

采用分解袋法对闽江河口鳝鱼滩湿地分布的土著种芦苇、短叶茳芏以及外来入侵种互花米草沼泽湿地枯落物分解过程的能量动态进行了研究.结果表明:在近潮沟样地(样地A),3种植物枯落物热值整体表现为先降后升的趋势,互花米草、短叶茳芏和芦苇枯落物热值均在第280天达到最大值,分别为:18.02,18.87,18.61 kJ.g-1.在远潮沟样地(样地B),3种植物枯落物热值变化呈现先升后降再升趋势.在A、B样地,3种植物枯落物的总能量随着分解过程中枯落物残留量的减少逐渐降低,样地A三种植物枯落物能量释放率是短叶茳芏>互花米草>芦苇;样地B较为复杂,但总体来看,短叶茳芏能量释放率大于互花米草和芦苇.     

闽江河口湿地3种主要植物冬春季枯落物分解特征

运用分解袋法,以闽江河口鳝鱼滩沼泽湿地作为研究样地,研究了本地种芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)和咸草(Cyperus malaccensis var.bervifolius)以及外来入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)种群枯落物在冬春两季的分解过程,探讨了枯落物性质和潮汐对枯落物分解的影响.研究结果表明:3种植物的枯落物在分解过程中质量逐渐减少,分解速率由快转慢;3种枯落物分解由快到慢依次为咸草、互花米草和芦苇;氮(N)绝对量呈波动下降趋势,碳(C)绝对量呈单调下降趋势;C/N与枯落物分解的相关性不强;冬春季潮汐对枯落物分解速率的影响不明显.     

人工湿地3种植物凋落物分解及其对水位降低的响应

为了解人工湿地种植的3种植物凋落物分解特征,采用网袋法,通过1 a的凋落物分解实验,研究了人工湿地3种植物(美人蕉、狭叶香蒲和梭鱼草)凋落物储量、凋落物分解动态及其对水位降低的响应.结果表明：美人蕉、狭叶香蒲和梭鱼草3种植物凋落物储量分别为1 887.83、1 073.25、2 358.86 g·m－2;分解1 a后,3种凋落物年分解率各自为63.5%、46.5%、61.1%,且它们之间存在差异显著(p<0.05).通过Olson 经典指数模型拟合的3种凋落物分解方程,表明了美人蕉凋落物分解速率最高(k＝0.063),其次为梭鱼草(k＝0.047),最小为狭叶香蒲(k＝0.032);湿地植物立枯期间,模拟3种植物美人蕉、狭叶香蒲、梭鱼草的枯落物(叶)在立枯期间的分解速率比枯落物死亡后放置地表的分解速率各自减少6.9%、8.6%和6.9%.人工湿地岸带,水位降低,美人蕉、狭叶香蒲、梭鱼草3种植物凋落物的分解速率分别较水淹条件下增加了33.8%、42.5%和69.6%.这些结果表明气候变暖,可能降低湿地岸带水位,进而增强湿地碳释放.     

九段沙中沙湿地植物磷元素的分布积累与动态

对九段沙中沙湿地海三棱草、互花米草和芦苇3种典型湿地植物群落的植物各构件中磷(P)的分布、积累与动态进行研究.结果表明,3种湿地植物中磷含量存在很大差异,其大小排序为:海三棱草>芦苇>互花米草.磷在不同植物相同构件中的含量分布亦不同.3种湿地植物磷含量的季节动态规律有相似性,即随植物生长发育进程磷含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,其中,茎秆中磷含量下降幅度最大,根中磷含量下降幅度最小.3种湿地植物磷含量的动态变化也存在差异,海三棱草各构件磷含量波动次数较少,互花米草和芦苇各构件磷含量波动次数则较多.植物中磷含量变化与土壤和地表水中相应元素含量变化密切相关.3种湿地植物均显示生长初期植物与土壤和地表水中磷含量的关联较小,3种植物最大关联出现的时间存在差异,这表明不同植物吸收土壤与地表水中磷元素的最佳时期存在差别.     

崇明东滩湿地不同植物群落下沉积物中CO2和N2O的释放动态研究

湿地生态系统温室气体排放与植物群落之间的关系是近年来全球气候变化研究的热点。为揭示滨海湿地不同植物群落下沉积物中温室气体的释放规律,以崇明东滩为原型区域,采集光滩(无明显植物覆被)、互花米草、互花米草-芦苇共生及芦苇等4个采样带沉积物样品,观测CO₂和N₂O的释放特征。结果表明:互花米草、互花米草-芦苇、芦苇群落的沉积物中CO₂累积释放量(1 066～1 105 mg/kg)显著高于光滩((846±22)mg/kg),但3种植物群落之间并无显著差异(P<0.05)。结合CO₂累积释放量与沉积物中全氮含量(ω(TN))之间的显著正相关关系(P<0.05),可以认为,湿地沉积物全氮含量对CO₂释放的影响可能比植物群落大。相比较而言,芦苇群落下沉积物中N₂O累积释放量为(0.41±0.01)mg/kg,明显高于互花米草-芦苇群落的(0.32±0.01)mg/kg、互花米草群落的(0.23±0.01)mg/kg和光滩的(0.21±0.00)mg/kg。这表明,芦苇群落有利于沉积物中N₂O的产生或释放。未来对滨海湿地N₂O排放进行调控与评估过程中,芦苇及其生境的作用应当给予重点关注。     

本地种芦苇缓解湿地外来入侵种互花米草的化感作用

外来入侵种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)是我国滨海湿地的主要外来入侵植物之一,对当地的植物群落造成极大的破坏.利用本地种防治外来入侵种是一种高效、经济且安全的生物防治方法.本研究基于以本地优势种芦苇(Phragmites australis)抑制外来入侵种互花米草的防治策略,采用种子萌发实验,探讨不同浸提液(即:互花米草、芦苇、二者1∶1等重混合)对供试植物黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响.结果表明,互花米草浸提液表现出明显的化感抑制作用,显著地降低了黑麦草和碱蓬的种子萌发与幼苗生长;芦苇虽然也有化感作用,但是它对黑麦草和碱蓬的抑制效果没有互花米草的作用显著;与互花米草浸提液相比,混合浸提液显著提高了黑麦草的种子萌发,虽然对碱蓬表现出化感抑制趋势,但是它的抑制效果没有互花米草的作用显著.因此,芦苇表现出缓解互花米草化感作用的潜力,为其抵御互花米草入侵的生物防治策略提供重要的科学依据.     

盐沼入侵植物互花米草治理后植食性昆虫食物结构的变化

利用生态工程措施治理滨海盐沼入侵植物、恢复受损湿地的生态功能,是海岸带自然资源管理和生态系统健康维持的重要手段.盐沼入侵植物治理后,植食性昆虫群落结构的变化已得到较多研究,但昆虫食物结构变化的关注相对较少.本研究选取崇明东滩互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)治理工程恢复区,以及毗邻的互花米草入侵区和原生芦苇(Phragmites australis)对照区的不同植物群落,结合碳稳定同位素分析手段,比较了植物群落间植食性昆虫的食物结构差异,发现对照区、入侵区和恢复区芦苇群落中的昆虫均主要以芦苇为食,入侵区互花米草群落中的大多数昆虫以互花米草为食,而芦苇-互花米草混生群落中的昆虫既取食芦苇也取食互花米草.这一结果表明,互花米草入侵改变了本地植食性昆虫对土著植物芦苇的依赖性,而清除互花米草并恢复芦苇群落后,植食性昆虫对土著植物的依赖性已得到恢复.     

天津厚蟹与褶痕相手蟹对杭州湾北岸典型盐沼植物的摄食偏好

在奉贤潮滩样地调查的基础上,通过开展室内喂食实验分析了天津厚蟹(Helice tientsinensis)与褶痕相手蟹(Sesarma plicata)两种优势蟹类对典型盐沼植物互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)的摄食偏好性及相关影响因子,为进一步揭示蟹类摄食作用下互花米草和芦苇竞争生长的控制机制提供参考.结果显示:两种蟹对不同植株部位的偏好性均为叶片细根茎秆;但对不同植物的偏好有所差异,天津厚蟹偏好摄食芦苇叶片,而褶痕相手蟹更偏好互花米草叶片;对茎秆和细根的摄食量均是互花米草芦苇.蟹类的摄食偏好除了受蟹重和种类的影响,还与植物中的粗蛋白质含量成正相关.     

盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区不同生境的昆虫群落研究

为研究盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区中的昆虫群落与湿地植被间的关系,课题组于2008年4月～2009年1月分四季在保护区核心区中的互花米草群落、盐蒿群落和芦苇群落3种生境中设立样地,分别采用网捕法、植物收割法和凋落物收集法采集昆虫,共采集昆虫标本3928头,经鉴定隶属于12目49科．分析表明：保护区内不同生境的昆虫群落组成与结构存在差异：昆虫的种类、数量以及优势类群都不相同;昆虫群落多样性指数在不同植物群落、季节以及季节一植物群落综合影响上均存在显著差异;互花米草与芦苇群落中的昆虫组成结构具有较高相似性．     

九段沙湿地国家自然保护区不同生境中昼行性昆虫群落研究

用扫网、植物收割法和凋落物取回法收集昆虫,研究九段沙湿地国家自然保护区海三棱草群落、芦苇群落、互花米草群落和光滩四种生境中昆虫群落的结构和季节性变化规律,探讨湿地植被同昆虫群落的关系.结果表明昆虫群落组成和结构与所处生境中的植被密切相关:①四种生境中的昆虫群落结构组成明显不同,优势类群也不尽相同;②从整体上比较,昆虫群落多度以在芦苇群落中的最高,多样性指数(H′)和均匀度(E)在互花米草群落中最高,优势度指数(C)以在互花米草群落中最低;③各生境的昆虫群落个体数量均在夏季最高,冬季最低;④芦苇群落的凋落物生物量同其中的昆虫个体数量显著相关(相关系数0.891,p<0.01),互花米草群落中看不出二者存在相关关系,海三棱草的凋落物和从中采集到的昆虫个体数都极少,无从判断.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…