极端气候事件的模拟研究进展

介绍了气候模式的发展历程,综述了近年来全球范围内关于极端气候事件的研究现状,比较了不同模式对不同事件的模拟效果并探讨了模拟效果影响因素.虽然不同模式模拟结果有所差异,但大部分模式都能再现极端气候事件的演变过程,并能有效预测未来极端气候变化情况.综述了温室气体增加情景下我国未来极端气候变化的响应研究,提出了其中可能存在的问题,并对未来极端气候模拟研究进行了展望.     

贵州省生态系统服务对极端降雨的时空响应

气候变化是影响生态系统服务供给水平及相互关系的重要因素,厘清生态系统服务对极端降雨的响应特征及机理,对区域生态系统服务科学管理、应对极端气候具有重要的意义。以贵州省为例,基于气候、生态环境等数据,利用InVEST模型和Spearman相关分析法,研究了生态系统服务对极端降雨的时空响应。结果表明,极端降雨影响下,贵州省产水、土壤保持服务呈增加趋势,水质净化服务呈下降趋势。随着极端降雨增加,3种生态系统服务的变化幅度增大。产水与土壤保持服务变化的空间格局较为接近,而与水质净化服务变化的空间格局差异突出。降雨偏强影响下3种生态系统服务变化的空间格局与降雨强盛影响下的空间格局差异明显。贵州大部分地貌区产水与土壤保持之间为协同关系,产水与水质净化之间以及土壤保持与水质净化之间为权衡关系。     

6kaBP中东亚气候对植被变化的响应

选取PMIP2计划中ECBilt-CLIO-VECODE模式的结果,对比中全新世(6 kaBP)气候对于现代气候的变化,探讨了植被在中全新世气候变化中的意义.中东亚干旱区受西风环流影响,而东亚地区6 kaBP季风深入,不同大气环流的影响导致两区域大尺度气候特征差异大,同时该时期植被的变化增强了气候系统对轨道参数变化的响应:一系列气候要素对植被的动态响应导致气温、降水都因植被反馈而发生较大变化,但是该模式的结果存在低估6 kaBP升温幅度的缺陷,尤其是对冬季温度的模拟;即使耦合植被后有所改善,但对6 kaBP气候变化的驱动因子及其相互关系的研究仍需深入,同时对局地气候变化的物理机制还需改进.     

气候变化对生态系统服务影响的研究进展

气候变化是影响生态系统服务的重要驱动因素。气候变化影响下生态系统服务稳定持续的供给水平深刻影响着区域可持续发展能力。笔者通过分析国内外气候变化对生态系统服务影响的已有研究成果,全面系统总结了气候变化对生态系统服务影响的研究现状和存在问题,并展望了未来研究趋势。气候变化对生态系统服务影响研究的主要内容包括:气候变化对生态系统服务供给水平、生态系统服务相互关系、生态系统服务管理的影响以及极端气候事件对生态系统服务影响。分析认为,气候变化对生态系统服务影响的研究应在不同尺度气候变化对生态系统服务供给变化特征的影响,不同尺度气候变化影响下生态系统服务权衡与协同关系类型识别及其空间格局特点分析,气候变化影响下全球尺度生态系统服务可持续管理的评价指标体系和评价模型构建,区域生态系统服务保护规划,小尺度极端天气气候事件和未来极端气候事件对生态系统服务的影响等方面进行深入研究。气候变化对生态系统服务影响的研究可以深化生态系统服务变化驱动机理研究,为区域生态系统服务管理、生态环境保护政策制定提供科学依据。     

植被动态的格局与过程

植被动态是当前生态学研究的热点之一，本文论述了植被动态的双重性、途径和方向、平衡性以及干扰。讨论了植被动态的时空格局，及以种群过程为基础的、沿时间尺度的植被动态的格局与过程的理论框架。最后论述了基于种群过程的植被动态的机制。     

中国中西部地区树木年轮对20世纪20年代干旱灾害的指示

分析了青藏高原东北部的祁连圆柏(Sabina przewalskii Kom.)、内蒙古中部的油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)和关中地区华山松(Pinus armandii Franch.)树轮序列之间的关系及用它们来指示极端干旱事件时空演变特征的潜力.结果表明,研究区内相邻树轮年表之间以及相距较远的树轮年表之间存在显著的相关关系,这表明了区域性和大范围的气候变化对树木生长的影响,同时也暗示了在中国西北半干旱区建立大空间尺度上树轮网络的潜力. 在最近150年内,不同地区树木在20世纪20年代和30年代初都有明显的生长下降现象,但是树木生长开始下降的时期及下降的幅度具有区域性的差异.这段时期树木生长的下降反应了可能发生的干旱事件,而多方面的历史记录证实了这一推断.另外,树木生长的区域差异反应了干旱发生的时空特征.     

气候变化与人类活动对植被覆盖的影响

为了研究气侯变化及人类活动对区域植被覆盖变化的内在影响,采用2000—2016年MODIS NDVI数据,通过像元二分法计算获得植被覆盖度,结合气象站点监测数据,利用MannKendall突变检验、转移矩阵、残差分析等方法,探讨气候变化和人类活动影响下,陕西省2000—2016年植被覆盖度的时空变化特征。结果表明:2000—2016年陕西省年平均气温和年降雨量均总体增加。其中,2006—2008年是气候突变时期,植被覆盖度在气候突变后明显增加。陕西省平均植被覆盖度总体增加。其中,陕北地区植被覆盖度明显增加,2000—2016年增加0. 33;关中地区植被覆盖度有所下降,2000—2016年降低0. 06,以西安周边地区为主;陕南地区植被覆盖度有小幅降低,2000—2016年植被覆盖度降低0. 02.陕西省人类活动对植被覆盖度影响具有明显空间差异。其中,陕北地区人类活动影响力对植被覆盖影响力具有正向作用,促进植被覆盖度增加;关中地区人类活动影响力具有负向作用,导致植被覆盖度降低;陕南地区人类活动影响力较低,导致陕南地区植被覆盖有小幅度降低。植被覆盖对气候变化响应明显,人类活动影响力在持续增强。     

中国植被物候研究进展及展望

本文围绕气候变化背景下的中国植被物候研究,梳理了植被物候对气候变化的响应机制,分析了中国植被物候变化对陆地生态系统碳、水和能量循环的影响,植被物候变化对局地气候的反馈机制以及通过大气环流对气候系统的影响．主要结论:1)中国植被生长季开始日期提前1~6 d?(10 a)–1,结束日期推迟2~5 d?(10 a)–1,生长季显著延长;2)中国中高纬度地区植被对温度的响应明显高于亚热带和热带地区,温度在控制植被物候的过程中起到多重作用,降水主要影响干旱和半干旱地区的植被物候;3)植被生长季延长增加陆地生态系统生产力,增加中国碳汇;4)植被物候变化改变植被的蒸散发量,从而改变我国的流域尺度河流径流;5)在中国大部分地区,植被物候变化对气候系统产生负反馈作用,甚至影响大气环流过程．中国植被物候的研究越来越多,但仍存在亟待解决的科学问题,比如未来中国植被物候研究需要更加关注遥感数据反演精度,明确物候响应气候变化机制的尺度效应,结合机器学习等智能算法改进物候模型提高物候模拟精度,并重视农作物物候,加强物候与森林管理结合研究以提高我国生态系统碳汇能力,积极面对碳中和带来的机遇与挑战．      

植被-气候关系遥感分析研究进展

对当前植被-气候关系遥感分析研究进行了总结.过去几十年内,全球不同尺度、区域和时间序列的植被变化对气候变化表现出了明显响应.植被的生长变化与气温和降水的变化密切相关.而大尺度上土地覆被类型的变化及植被覆盖的变化对局地及区域的气候产生重要的反馈作用.当前植被-气候关系研究的常用的遥感数据源较多,但也存在单一遥感数据源时间...     

气候变暖对黑龙江省五大连池兴安落叶松径向生长的影响

【目的】龙门石寨熔岩台地是五大连池火山群演替顶极群落兴安落叶松天然林的主要分布地。探讨近51年(1968—2018年)龙门石寨兴安落叶松树木径向生长对气候变暖的响应特征,进而为了解气候变暖背景下五大连池火山群植被演替趋势提供科学依据。【方法】采用Mann-Kendall检验方法确定研究区近51年气温变化的趋势和可能发生气温突变的年份,运用树轮气候学方法分析1968—1981年和1982—2018年两个时间段兴安落叶松径向生长对气候变化的响应特征。【结果】五大连池近44年(1975—2018年)平均气温呈增加趋势,且1981年为研究区年均气温升高的突变点。气候变暖后兴安落叶松年轮指数和胸高断面积增量都下降,年轮指数呈上升的趋势,而胸高断面积增量处于下降趋势,但均不显著。树木径向生长对于气温升高的响应出现了“分离效应”。水热条件共同控制兴安落叶松树木生长,但气温是径向生长的主要影响因子,气候变暖显著改变了兴安落叶松径向生长与气候因子的响应模式,树木径向生长对年平均气温、年平均最低气温和寒冷指数的响应敏感性显著增强。研究期上一年11月的降水以及当年2、3月和生长季前(4—5月)的平均最低气温是决定兴安落叶松年轮宽度的主要因素。【结论】1981年后五大连池气候显著变暖,气候变暖未显著改变兴安落叶松的径向生长,升温造成的干旱胁迫可能是树木径向生长对气温变化响应的“分离效应”及气候变暖后树木径向生长与气候因子的响应显著改变的重要原因。     

Response of forest distribution to past climate change: An insight into future predictions

Vegetation dynamics could lead to changes in the global carbon and hydrology cycle, as well as feedbacks to climate change. This paper reviews the response of forest dynamics to climate change. Based on palaeoecological studies, we summarized the features and modes of vegetation response to climate change and categorized the impacts of climate change on vegetation dynamics as three types： climate stress on vegetation, buffer effects by non-climatic factors, and perturbation of the vegetation distribution by stochastic events. Due to the openness of the vegetation system and the integrated effects of both climatic and non-climatic factors the vegetation-climate relationship deviates far from its equilibrium. The vegetation distribution shows a non-linear response to climate change, which also makes it difficult to quantify the modern vegetation distribution in terms of specific climatic factors. Past analog, space-for-time-substitution and Dynamic Global Vegetation Models （DGVMs） are three approaches to predicting the future vegetation distribution, but they have all been established on the assumption of vegetation-climate equilibrium. We propose that improving DGVMs is a future task for studies of vegetation dynamics because these are process-based models incorporating both disturbance （e.g. fire） and the variability in Plant Functional Types （PFTs）. However, palaeoecological results should be used to test the models, and issues like spatial and temporal scale, complexity of climate change, effects of non-climatic factors, vege- tation-climate feedback, and human regulation on vegetation dynamics are suggested as topics for future studies.     

土地利用/土地覆盖变化对区域气候影响的生物地球物理途径研究进展

本文从LUCC对气候影响的生物地球物理途径角度阐述其对气候系统的影响机制,并且结合多项研究结果归纳了诸如森林砍伐/造林活动、城市化、农业发展等人类LUCC活动在区域尺度的气候效应.气候模式是研究LUCC对区域气候及其变化最重要的试验工具之一,本文概括了气候模式经历了大气环流模式、区域气候模式、耦合的大气-陆面模式等一系列发展过程及其特点,提出利用遥感技术获取气候模式中的地面生物物理参数可以大幅提高模拟精度.最后,评论了目前LUCC气候效应研究中存在的问题,提出未来研究应着手降低区域气候模式模拟的不确定性,引入景观生态学理论与方法等可以更好地了解人类活动与气候变化的关系,进而制定适应气候变化的区域土地系统优化方案.     

中国历史气候记录揭示的千年干湿变化和重大干旱事件

对中国历史气候记录的研究表明：准周期性是过去1000年间中国东部各区域的干湿气候变化的基本特征；各区域间主要周期变化的位相差异，表现为降水的空间分布格局（如南涝北旱、北涝南旱等分布型）随时间的变化；1000年来干湿气候发生过多次十年和百年尺度的突变，降水的突变对农业生产会有明显影响。过去1000年间多次出现过大范围的持续时间3年以上的严重于旱事件，其严重程度多为最近50年所未见，因此，在过去1000年的气候变化历程中，最近的50年沿属于气候条件较好 的时段，但对未来出现气候突变和重大气候灾异的可能性应予以警惕。     

热带亚热带喀斯特森林树种的水分生理研究进展

热带亚热带喀斯特地区具有丰富且独特的自然资源，是我国重要的生态功能区，但也面临严重的石漠化问题。水分是影响该地区天然林结构功能和石漠化植被修复的关键环境因素。基于树木水分生理的研究有助于深入地了解喀斯特树种干旱适应策略，可为气候变化背景下喀斯特地区森林(天然林和人工林)的可持续发展提供理论依据。本文从水分来源、木质部水力结构以及蒸腾耗水等方面总结了近年来该区域喀斯特天然林树种在水分适应策略方面的研究进展，发现典型喀斯特树种能够稳定地利用岩溶水，其蒸腾耗水量的季节动态较小，且其茎木质部的抗栓塞能力强，在极端干旱时期可通过脆弱性分割维持水力安全。另外，基于树木水分生理的研究还能够为石漠化生态恢复适宜树种的筛选和人工林的经营管理提供科学依据。部分抗性强、耗水少的珍贵用材树种兼顾生态和经济效益，可用于石漠化地区的植被修复。建议今后的研究结合控制实验平台，长期监测树种生长和水分动态变化，基于多重机制系统阐明喀斯特森林树种的生态适应策略。     

A comparative study of n -alkane biomarker and pollen records: an example from southern China

We report the results of a comparative study of n-alkane biomarkers and pollens in lacustrine and peat deposits at Dingnan, Jiangxi Province in southern China, and discuss the likely causes for the discrepancy in the interpretations of the n-alkane biomarker and pollen records in terms of climate and vegetation change. The results show that past changes in climate and vegetation revealed by the n-alkane record are not always consistent with the pollen assemblage record in the whole section. Biomarkers do not permit direct identification of the plant family and/or genus and mainly record compositions of local plant remains, while pollens mainly reflect the regional vegetation change. Biomarkers and pollen records complement each other, providing a better picture of local and regional environments. Furthermore, biomarkers are more sensitive than pollen to climatic and vegetational change. Several climatic events are clearly identified by the n-alkane biomarker proxies, such as C₃₁/(C₂₇+C₂₉+C ₃₁) ratio and can be correlated to the North Atlantic Heinrich event, B/A, YD and two dry-cool events during the early Holocene such as the periods of 9850 to 9585 cal a B.P. and 8590 to 7920 cal a B.P. These events are consistent with those found in the surrounding regions, suggesting that the regional climate was coupled with global-scale abrupt climatic events. Our results suggest that biomarker and pollen data can record the more detailed climate and vegetation information, thus improving the resolution and precision of vegetation and climate reconstruction. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40602004) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2004CB720200)     

Comprehensive analysis of the impact of climatic changes on Chinese terrestrial net primary productivity

Recent climatic changes have affected terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). This paper presents an investigation of the impact of climatic changes on Chinese terrestrial vegetation NPP by analyzing 18 years’ (1982 to 1999) climatic data and satellite observations of vegetation activity. Results indicate that climatic changes in China have eased some critical climatic constraint on plant growth. (1) From 1982 to 1999, modeled NPP increased by 1.42%·a-1 in water-limited regions of Northwest China, 1.46%·a-1 in temperature-limited regions of Northeast China and Tibet Plateau, and 0.99%·a-1 in radia- tion-limited regions of South China and East China. (2) NPP increased by 24.2%, i.e. 0.76 petagram of carbon (Pg C) over 18 years in China. Changes in climate (with constant vegetation) directly contrib- uted nearly 11.5% (0.36 Pg C). Changes in vegetation (with constant climate) contributed 12.4% (0.40 Pg C), possibly as a result of climate-vegetation feedbacks, changes in land use, and growth stimula- tion from other mechanisms. (3) Globally, NPP declined during all three major El Ni-o events (1982 to 1983, 1987 to 1988, and 1997 to 1998) between 1982 and 2000, but Chinese vegetation productivity re- sponded differently to them because of the monsoon dynamics. In the first three events (1982 to 1983, 1987 to 1988, and 1992), Chinese vegetation NPP declined, while in the later two events (1993, 1997 to 1998) increasing obviously.     

Land-atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe

Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to enhance the interannual variability of summer climate in Europe and other mid-latitude regions, potentially causing more frequent heatwaves. Climate models consistently predict an increase in the variability of summer temperatures in these areas, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this increase remain uncertain. Here we explore these mechanisms using regional simulations of recent and future climatic conditions with and without land-atmosphere interactions. Our results indicate that the increase in summer temperature variability predicted in central and eastern Europe is mainly due to feedbacks between the land surface and the atmosphere. Furthermore, they suggest that land-atmosphere interactions increase climate variability in this region because climatic regimes in Europe shift northwards in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations, creating a new transitional climate zone with strong land-atmosphere coupling in central and eastern Europe. These findings emphasize the importance of soil-moisture-temperature feedbacks (in addition to soil-moisture-precipitation feedbacks) in influencing summer climate variability and the potential migration of climate zones with strong land-atmosphere coupling as a consequence of global warming. This highlights the crucial role of land-atmosphere interactions in future climate change.     

Millennial-scale trends in west Pacific warm pool hydrology since the Last Glacial Maximum

Models and palaeoclimate data suggest that the tropical Pacific climate system plays a key part in the mechanisms underlying orbital-scale and abrupt climate change. Atmospheric convection over the western tropical Pacific is a major source of heat and moisture to extratropical regions, and may therefore influence the global climate response to a variety of forcing factors. The response of tropical Pacific convection to changes in global climate boundary conditions, abrupt climate changes and radiative forcing remains uncertain, however. Here we present three absolutely dated oxygen isotope records from stalagmites in northern Borneo that reflect changes in west Pacific warm pool hydrology over the past 27,000 years. Our results suggest that convection over the western tropical Pacific weakened 18,000-20,000 years ago, as tropical Pacific and Antarctic temperatures began to rise during the early stages of deglaciation. Convective activity, as inferred from oxygen isotopes, reached a minimum during Heinrich event 1 (ref. 10), when the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation was weak, pointing to feedbacks between the strength of the overturning circulation and tropical Pacific hydrology. There is no evidence of the Younger Dryas event in the stalagmite records, however, suggesting that different mechanisms operated during these two abrupt deglacial climate events. During the Holocene epoch, convective activity appears to track changes in spring and autumn insolation, highlighting the sensitivity of tropical Pacific convection to external radiative forcing. Together, these findings demonstrate that the tropical Pacific hydrological cycle is sensitive to high-latitude climate processes in both hemispheres, as well as to external radiative forcing, and that it may have a central role in abrupt climate change events.