Preliminary study on interaction of water mist with diffusion flame of liquid fuels

The chemical and physical interaction mechanisms of the water mist with diffusion flame of liquid fuels are investigated.The difference of the thermograms and the thermal field isograms between ethanol flame and kerosene flame with the water mist applica-tion is explained. With the water mist application, the differences between ethanol and kerosene in heat release rate, O_2 and CO concentra-tions of their combustion products, and the temperature of their srnoke are analyzed. At the same time, the interaction mechanism of thewater mist with diffusion flame is presented and their relationship to the fuel species and to the concentration of water mist is described.     

Numerical study on combustion of diluted methanol-air premixed mixtures

The effect of nitrogen dilution on the premixed combustion characteristics and flame structure of laminar premixed methanol-air-nitrogen mixtures are analyzed numerically based on an extended methanol oxidation mechanism. The laminar burning velocities, the mass burning fluxes, the adiabatic flame temperature, the global activation temperature, the Zeldovich number, the effective Lewis number and the laminar flame structure of the methanol-air-nitrogen mixtures are obtained under different nitrogen dilution ratios. Comparison between experiments and numerical simulations show that the extended methanol oxidation mechanism can well reproduce the laminar burning velocities for lean and near stoichiometric methanol-air-nitrogen mixtures. The laminar burning velocities and the mass burning fluxes decrease with the increase of nitrogen dilution ratio and the effect is more obvious for the lean mixture. The effective Lewis number of the mixture increases with the increase of nitrogen dilution ratio, and the diffusive-thermal instability of the flame front is decreased by the nitrogen addition. Nitrogen addition can suppress the hydrodynamic instability of methanol-air-nitrogen flames. The decrease of the mole fraction of OH and H is mainly responsible for the suppressed effect of nitrogen diluent on the chemical reaction in the methanol-air-nitrogen laminar premixed flames, and the NOx and formaldehyde emissions are decreased by the nitrogen addition.     

Effects of water mist addition on kerosene pool fire

The use of water mist to extinguish fire is a problem of particular interest since the banning of halogen-based agents for environmental reasons. This interest is reflected in the large number of researches performed on the main fire-extinguishing mechanisms of water mist： heat extraction, oxygen displacement and attenuation of heat fluxes. In contrast, there are still little known about the chemical and some other aspects of water mist addition on the pool fire. In this paper, a phenomenological study was conducted of the effect of water mist addition on the kerosene pool fire through the measurement of the heat release rate, CO, CO2 and O2 species concentration in combustion. The experimental results show that there is a significant enhancement effect at the beginning stage of water mist addition. Then, the flame size was decreased abruptly. By physical suppression effect combined with chemical effect, the experiments＇ results are explained especially. The study of effects of water mist on pool fire will be useful for optimizing designation of water mist fire-suppression system, improving the fire suppression efficiency and extending their application field.     

Measurement of laminar burning velocities and analysis of flame stabilities for hydrogen-air-diluent premixed mixtures

The laminar burning velocities and Markstein lengths of the hydrogen-air-diluent mixtures were meas-ured at different equivalence ratios (0.4―1.5), different diluents (N2, CO2 and 15%CO2+85%N2) and di-lution ratios (0, 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15) by using the outwardly expanding flame. The influences of flame stretch rate on the flame propagation characteristics were analyzed. The results show that both the laminar burning velocities and the Markstein lengths of the hydrogen-air-diluent mixtures decrease with the ...     

Study on variation of smoke component concentration with water mist applying

Interaction between water mist and fire smoke is studied by experiments in an ISO 9705 room, The variation of 02, CO and CO2 concentration is disclosed, and the mathematical models of smoke component con- centration with water mist pressure and ventilation speed are established according to the experimental results. It is found in the experiment that the smoke component concentration will break when ventilation speed exceeds 1.5 kg/s. This paper provides necessary theory for water mist technology using in smoke restraining.     

Experimental and LES investigation of flame propagation in a hydrogen/air mixture in a combustion vessel

This work presents an experimental and numerical investigation of premixed flame propagation in a hydrogen/air mixture in a closed combustion vessel. In the experiment, high-speed schlieren video photography and pressure sensor are used to examine the flame dynamics and pressure transient. In the numerical study, a large eddy simulation （LES） based on a RNG sub-grid approach and a LES combustion model is applied to reproduce experi- mental observations. The effects of four physical phenomena on the burning velocity are considered in the combustion model, and the impact of grid type on the combustion dynamics is examined in the LES calculations. The flame experiences four stages both in experiment and LES calculations with structured and unstructured grids, i.e., spherical flame, finger-shaped flame, flame with its skirt in contact with the sidewalls, and tulip-shaped flame. The flame speed and pressure in the vessel develop with periodical oscillations in both the experiment and LES simulations due to the interaction of flame front with pressure wave. The numerical simulations compare well with the detailed experimental measurements, especially in term of the flame shape and position, pressure build-up, and periodical oscillation behaviors. The LES combustion model is successfully validated against the bench-scale experiment. It is put into evidence that mesh type has an impact to a certain extent on the numerical combustion dynamics, and the LES calculation on structured grid canpredict the flame dynamics and pressure rise more accu- rately than that on unstructured grid with the same mesh resolution. The flame shape is more asymmetrical in the LES on an unstructured grid than that on a structured grid, and both the flame speed and the pressure rise at the later flame stage are underestimated in the LES on the unstructured grid.     

Studies of the process of moisture exchange across a membrane using irreversible thermodynamics

On the basis of non-equilibrium thermodynamic theory,the coupling phenomena of heat and mass transfer during the process of moisture exchange across a membrane were studied and the relevant physical and mathematical models were established.Formulae for calculating the four characteristic parameters included in the non-equilibrium thermodynamic model were derived,and the dependences of these parameters on the temperatures and concentrations on the two sides of the membrane were analyzed,providing a basis for calculating the heat and mass fluxes.The effects of temperature and concentration differences between the two sides of membrane and the membrane average temperature on the transmembrane mass and heat fluxes were investigated.The results show that for a given membrane average temperature,a larger concentration difference or a smaller temperature difference leads to a higher mass flux.For fixed concentration and temperature differences and with the mass flux predominantly caused by the concentration difference,a higher membrane average temperature yields a higher mass flux.The ratio of the heat of sorption induced by mass flow to total heat relates not only to the temperature and concentration differences between the two sides of membrane but also to the membrane average temperature and the ratio increases when the temperature difference is reduced.     

Experimental studies on interaction of water mist with class K fires

Interaction of water mist with cooking oil fires is studied experimentally and theoretically. A LDV/APV system is used to measure the velocity and diameter of water mist at different pressures in the experiments,and the effect of water mist velocity and diameter on fire extinguishment efficiency is investi-gated. The experimental results show that water mist has excellent surface cooling effect; it can control and extinguish cooking oil fires quickly without re-ignition. The critical temperature (Tfo) is calculated by energy balance equation,and the fire plume momentum is calculated and compared with that of water mist in order to determine the critical velocity (νwy) of fire extinguishment. This paper provides references for cooking oil fires extinguishment with water mist.     

LES investigation of swirl intensity effect on unconfined turbulent swirling premixed flame

A finite reaction rate model is presented as a closure of large eddy simulation （LES） to numerically study an open premixed methane/air swirling flame. The resultant model is firstly validated by comparing with reported data and then employed to investigate the effect of swirling intensity on flow field, flame characteristics and combustion instability of the swirling flame. Three differ- ent swirl numbers are considered. The LES results show that as swirling intensity increases, the vortex entrainment and micro-mixing are enhanced, leading to more lean equivalent ratios at flame front; consequently, higher swirling number causes lower flame temperatures and slower CO oxidization; for all simulated swirl numbers, flame fronts are completely located out of the recirculation zones and anchored at the inner surface of the annular swirling steams; swirl number has a crucial effect on swirling flame extension toward radial and tangential dimensions and then significantly affects streamwise flame length, which is a great influencing factor on combustion instability; vortex-induced disturbance on flame in streamwise plays a critical role in combustion instability.     

Low temperature wheat germplasm and its leaf photosynthetic traits and structure characteristics

Low temperature germplasm with constant low plant temperature was found in the nature through a long-time observation on wheat canopy temperature and traits; correspondingly, high temperature germplasm with constant high plant temperature also exists. Compared with the high temperature germplasm, the chlorophyll content and the net photosynthetic rate of the three functional leaves on the top of the low temperature wheat germplasm are higher and the structure tends to be more complicated, which is characterized by smaller mesophyll cells and more closely arranged cell layers, more and denser chloroplasts with thick stroma, more granas and well developed grana lamellae, a larger vascular bundle area with smaller interspace. All these characteristics embody the consistency of structure and function and provide the theoretical bases for looking for and cultivating the new low temperature materials in agricultural practice.     

气体协流水雾作用下层流预混火焰拉伸规律

在气体协流管式燃烧器研究的基础上,利用高速纹影系统对细水雾作用下层流预混火焰拉伸、熄火规律进行了实验研究,并分析了细水雾抑制气体预混火焰的条件.实验结果表明：火焰面拉伸规律与燃料浓度、气体流量以及水雾雾滴直径有关;对于大滴径协流水雾,水雾载荷比越小,火焰面拉伸现象越明显.     

细水雾抑制小尺度甲烷/空气火焰的研究

利用三维激光粒子动态分析仪(LDV/APV系统)测量距离同轴流动燃烧装置Cup Burner出口不同位置的细水雾雾场特性(雾滴速度、雾滴粒径),利用Cup Burner系统地研究了细水雾抑制小尺度CH₄/空气顺流非预混火焰,考察细水雾的粒径和雾滴质量分数对CH₄/空气顺流非预混火焰结构的影响. 研究结果表明粒径为10～100 μm的细水雾能有效地抑制CH₄/空气顺流非预混火焰,随着细水雾粒径减小或空气流中雾滴质量分数的增加,细水雾抑制熄灭CH₄/空气顺流非预混火焰的能力增强. 细水雾抑制熄灭CH₄/空气顺流非预混火焰的机理主要是气相吸热冷却和稀释氧气,在CH₄/空气顺流非预混火焰的根部,气相吸热冷却起主导作用,而在火焰的上部稀释氧气起主导作用.      

多孔陶瓷材料中的预混火焰

本文实验研究了在一种专门设计的具有多孔惰性介质燃烧器中预混火焰的燃烧特性.初步结果已经表明,在多孔介质中,热辐射对其火焰结构和燃烧速度有较大影响.燃烧速率比无惰性介质时提高了若干倍,最大火焰温度比普通的绝热预混火焰温度也高许多,火焰稳定性亦明显增强.     

细水雾抑制气体火焰的实验

通过改进wolfhard-parker燃烧器，和对细水雾灭火时不同机理作用的分离实验研究，探讨了在灭火时水雾的蒸发潜热吸热作用、热容吸热作用以及稀释氧气作用在抑制气体扩散火焰方面的相对贡献．实验结果表明，细水雾抑制气体火焰是其稀释氧气、蒸发潜热吸热和热容吸热作用共同作用的过程，且潜热吸热作用比热容吸热作用更明显．在卷吸作用下，可以有更多的细水雾到达火焰内部，因而其对火焰内部温度的影响比水蒸气更大．     

顶部排烟耦合细水雾作用下的火灾烟气特性

利用长宽高为6m×15m×2m的隧道模型，进行了顶部排烟和细水雾灭火实验.通过对各测点烟气温度、火焰温度、CO含量及能见度的测试，分析了不同的顶部排烟以及细水雾耦合作用模式对火灾烟气的控制效果.结果表明:顶部排烟加快了柴油燃烧速率，顶部排烟耦合细水雾的冷却作用明显.在火灾增长阶段(50s)，细水雾耦合顶部排烟对于烟气控制效果最优；在火灾充分发展阶段(90s)，细水雾耦合顶部排烟作用易引起沸溢及轰燃，且细水雾喷洒瞬间，火焰强化现象最明显，CO含量迅速上升.顶部排烟对于能见度的提高效果明显；单独施加细水雾虽然能起到控制烟气的作用，但会使能见度进一步降低；在顶部排烟的耦合作用下，烟气经细水雾吸附沉降后能见度的提高速率增大.     

基于二氧化碳红外热成像的火焰起升高度分析

基于CO_2红外热成像方法拍摄了可控活化热氛围下的正庚烷液滴群预混射流火焰,测量了火焰起升高度,研究了热氛围协流温度、液滴群预混当量比、液滴群射流速度3个因素对起升高度的影响规律.结果表明:射流火焰起升高度主要受到化学着火延迟期控制,起升高度随着协流温度的升高而降低,但当协流温度足够高时,起升高度几乎不再变化;当量比增大会使物理着火延迟期缩短,从而使火焰起升高度降低;在相同的当量比下,如果协流温度较低,射流出口速度增加会提高火焰起升高度,而当协流温度高于某临界温度后,加大射流出口速度却会降低火焰起升高度.     

含氯化钾低压细水雾抑灭正庚烷池火性能研究

为探究KCl（氯化钾）添加剂对低压细水雾抑灭性能的影响,课题组在1 m3密闭空间内开展了含不同浓度KCl的低压细水雾对正庚烷池火的抑灭实验。基于灭火过程、灭火时间、火焰温度、灭火机理等维度,分析了含KCl细水雾的灭火特性。结果表明： KCl添加剂可有效缩短低压细水雾灭火时间,缩短的灭火时间主要集中在火焰撕裂、游走阶段;油盘面积增大后燃烧更剧烈,灭火所需KCl浓度要求更高;含4%KCl低压细水雾灭直径6、8、10 cm的油盘火时,与纯细水雾相比,可分别缩短灭火时间82%、79%、73%,增大降温速率1.5倍左右;含KCl细水雾主要通过消耗、湮灭链式燃烧反应所必需的自由基来达到更优的抑灭效果,Cl-主要切断链的引发阶段,K+主要切断链的传递、终止阶段。可见KCl添加剂能显著强化低压细水雾的抑灭性能。     

多孔介质催化燃烧特性的数值分析

采用Deutschman甲烷/空气/铂氧化表面反应机理,气相反应采用GRI3.0机理,基于体积平均的双温度模型,对Pt催化的甲烷/空气在多孔介质燃烧器内的预混燃烧进行一维数值模拟,并与惰性多孔介质内预混燃烧结果进行比较.数值研究结果表明,有催化时,多孔介质内火焰面前移,且随着进口质量流率增大,火焰面前移更明显.催化使得多孔介质内温度分布更均匀,反应区内的最高温度亦低于惰性多孔介质过滤燃烧的最高值.催化剂的引入还可缩小燃烧器尺寸,有效降低污染物的排放.