A Type of Lithium-ion Battery Based on Aqueous electrolyte

1 Introduction A new type of rechargeable lithium ion battery with an aqueous electrolyte was announced by W. Li et al. in 1994[1].This type of battery uses the lithium intercalation compounds LiMn2O4 and VO2 as electrode materials and an alkaline aqueous electrolytic solution. By this combination, the disadvantages of the non-aqueous Li-ion battery type, i.e. high cost and safety problems could be faded away[2]. So this type of aqueous Li-ion battery was regarded as the promising power for electric veh...     

超级电容器用新型微晶炭的结构及其电容性能

以热处理后的煤沥青焦为原料,采用KOH活化法制备了具有较小比表面积(＜200m~2/g)的系列微晶炭.采用N_2吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段表征了微晶炭的孔结构、微晶结构以及表面化学性质,研究了微晶炭作为超级电容器电极材料在1 mol/L的四乙基四氟化硼酸铵盐/碳酸丙烯酯电解液体系中的电容性能.结果表明:制得的微晶炭具有大量类石墨微晶和较高的石墨化度,d_(002)(晶面层间距)为0.356～0.666 nm,表面含碳量大于95%;活化6 h后,在4.0 V下微晶炭的质量比电容高达139 F/g.微晶炭的储电行为包括插层电容和双电层电容两部分,其中电活化所造成的插层电容是决定微晶炭最终比电容的主要因素,插层电容主要由电极材料的石墨化度决定.     

MXene and MXene-based materials for lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur (Li–S) batteries are regarded as potential alternatives to lithium-ion batteries due to their extremely high theoretical energy density. Nevertheless, Li–S batteries still suffer from low coulombic efficiency, low sulfur utilization, and poor cycling life, which hinder their further applications. To obtain ideal Li–S cells, intensive work has been dedicated to improve the conductivity of the electrode, inhibiting the shuttle of lithium polysulfides, and promoting the redox of sulfur. Two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides or carbonitrides, also known as MXenes, attracting significant research interest in Li–S batteries due to their high conductivity, abundant active sites, layered structure and adjustable surface chemistry. In this review, we summarize the partial etching methods of MXenes with different surface terminations, the role of MXenes in Li–S batteries and MXene-based composites designed for Li–S batteries based on interfacial chemistry and interlayer structure. In the end, we also propose the perspectives of MXenes for Li–S batteries.     

Critical electronic structures controlling phase transitions induced by lithium ion intercalation in molybdenum disulphide

We report on first-principles studies of lithium-intercalation-induced structural phase transitions in molybdenum disulphide (MoS2 ), a promising material for energy storage in lithium ion batteries. It is demonstrated that the inversion-symmetry-related Mo-S p-d covalence interaction and the anisotropy of d-band hybridization are the critical factors influencing the structural phase transitions upon Li ion intercalation. Li ion intercalation in 2H-MoS2 leads to two competing effects, i.e. the 2H-to-1T transition due to the weakening of Mo-S p-d interaction and the D 6h crystal field, and the charge-density-wave transition due to the Peierls instability in Li-intercalated 2H phase. The stabilization of charge density wave in Li-intercalated MoS2 originates from the enhanced electron correlation due to nearest-neighbor Mo-Mo d-d covalence interaction, conforming to the extended Hubbard model. The magnitude of charge density wave is affected by Mo-S p-d covalence interaction and the anisotropy of d-band hybridization. In 1T phase of Li-intercalated MoS2 , the strong anisotropy of d-band hybridization contributes to the strong Fermi surface nesting while the d-band nonbonding with S-p facilities effective electron injection.     

熔融碳酸盐燃料电池阴极材料制备与导电性

研究了熔融碳酸盐燃料电池（MCFC）阴极材料锂铁氧化物电极的导电性能。实验结果表明在合成锂铁氧化物的过程中，使Li2CO3轻微过量，可以提高锂铁氧化物电极的导电性。在同一温度下，随着Li:Fe值的增大，锂铁氧化物电极的导电性增加。相同Li:Fe条件下，锂铁氧化物电极的导电性随着温度升高按指数规律增加。扫描电镜研究（SEM）表明，Li:Fe比值不同，制备的锂铁氧化物电极表面形貌也不同。     

新型高能化学电源电极过程及其研究方法的进展

简要介绍国际上新型高能化学电源的一些研究现状,并主要结合课题组的研究工作,就锂离子电池纳米相电极材料,金属氢化物电极表面电化学性能及其相关电极过程和化学电源研究中谱学电化学方法的应用等进行了总结和回顾。     

Composite cathode and anode films for rechargeable lithium batteries

Recently the rechargeable Li and Li-ion polymer batteries have improved due to development of Li-ion conductive gel electrolytes and of high energe granting intercalation compounds. In our laboratory the composite cathodic film, the composite carbon anode film and PVC-based electralyte film were successfully prepared by casting procedures. Cycling experiments of the cells with Li or composite carbon anode in contact with PVC-based electrolyte and composite cathode were performed. Relatively good performance of the cell with Li anode, the composite cathode and LiPF₆-EC-DEC electrolyte was achieved in that over 50 cycles were possible with minimal capacity loss upon cycling. The same cell with PVC-based electrolyte was cycled over 20 cycles. Replacing Li anode by composite carbon anode, the cell behaved like the latter. It is found that appropriate amount of carbon content is helpful to improving specific capacity.     

掺锂聚苯胺/活性炭超级电容器电极材料的制备及电性能

采用苯胺在改性活性炭表面原位聚合的方法,合成了掺锂的超级电容器用聚苯胺/活性炭复合电极材料.用扫描电镜（SEM）研究了掺杂前后该复合材料的形态.在6mol/LKOH溶液中,以Hg/HgO电极为参比电极对电极材料进行循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等电化学性能的测试,考察了掺杂锂盐后作为超级电容器的电极材料的电极性能.结果表明,掺杂锂盐后的复合电极材料的比容量有很明显的提高,由未掺杂锂时的372F/g提高到466F/g。多次循环充放电后电容量的保留率也得到显著的提高。     

纳米碳管作为锂离子电池负极材料的研究

将两种纳米碳管材料作为锂离子电池负极材料,对其嵌锂行为进行了初步研究。两种材料的首次不可逆容量都很大,这被认为是与电解质在电极材料表面的电化学还原生成的SEI膜有关。对于两种纳米碳管而言,nmcl的不可逆容量远远大于nmc2的不可逆容量,其主要原因是由于nmc1比nmc2的比表面积大。     

Lithium intercalation mechanism for β-SnSb in Sn-Sb thin films

Based on the first-principles plane wave pseudo-potential method, the electronic structure and electrochemical performance of LixSn4Sb4 (x=2, 4, 6, and 8) and LixSn12-xSb4 (x=9, 10, 11, and 12) phases were calculated. A Sn-Sb thin film on a Cu foil was also prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology, composition, and lithium intercalation/extraction behavior of the fabricated film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Lithium atoms can easily insert into and extract out of the β-SnSb cell due to the low lithium intercalation formation energy. It is found that lithium atoms first occupy the interstitial sites, and then Sn atoms at the lattice positions are replaced by excessive lithium. The dissociative Sn atoms continue to produce different Li-Sn phases, which will affect the electrode stability and lead to the undesirable effect due to their large volume expansion ratio. The calculated lithium intercalation potential is stable at about 0.7 V, which is consistent with the experimental result.     

Nano-sized transition-metal oxides as negative-electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

Rechargeable solid-state batteries have long been considered an attractive power source for a wide variety of applications, and in particular, lithium-ion batteries are emerging as the technology of choice for portable electronics. One of the main challenges in the design of these batteries is to ensure that the electrodes maintain their integrity over many discharge-recharge cycles. Although promising electrode systems have recently been proposed, their lifespans are limited by Li-alloying agglomeration or the growth of passivation layers, which prevent the fully reversible insertion of Li ions into the negative electrodes. Here we report that electrodes made of nanoparticles of transition-metal oxides (MO, where M is Co, Ni, Cu or Fe) demonstrate electrochemical capacities of 700 mA h g(-1), with 100% capacity retention for up to 100 cycles and high recharging rates. The mechanism of Li reactivity differs from the classical Li insertion/deinsertion or Li-alloying processes, and involves the formation and decomposition of Li2O, accompanying the reduction and oxidation of metal nanoparticles (in the range 1-5 nanometres) respectively. We expect that the use of transition-metal nanoparticles to enhance surface electrochemical reactivity will lead to further improvements in the performance of lithium-ion batteries.     

硫化铁电极在室温熔盐中的嵌锂行为

采用活性电沉积的方法共沉积硫化铁电极，并研究其在室温熔盐中的嵌锂行为．循环伏安及充放电结果表明，硫化铁电极在室温熔盐中具有较高的活性和稳定性．结果显示，硫化铁嵌锂过程分两步骤进行，第一步骤是一个可逆反应的过程，而第二步为不可逆过程．     

锂离子电池:嵌入理论的成功实践

锂离子电池为将嵌入理论付诸实践的一个成功的实例．综述了锂离子电池的原理、电化学反应、组成、电化学行为、特征以及其最近的进展．     

分析化学几个领域的发展现状

综合分析生物电化学、功能高分子修饰电极及现代分析仪器几个领域的发展现状及应用前景。     

锌在石墨电极中嵌入性能的研究

运用恒流充放和循环伏安的方法，对Zn在石墨电极中的嵌入和脱嵌性能进行了初步的研究，郑重讨论了嵌入量的大小、循环性能和可逆性，并从石墨晶体结构角度对嵌入量和可逆性的影响因素作了定性的讨论。     

Development and application of phase diagrams for Li-ion batteries using CALPHAD approach

Phase diagrams provide fundamental knowledge about design map of new electrode materials for Li-ion batteries. The CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) approach is widely applied to the development of phase diagrams and property diagrams in a thermodynamic language. Within the CALPHAD framework, the theoretical modeling can be performed to predict phase equilibria, thermodynamics, electrochemical and physical properties of electrodes. This review provides the successful application of high quality calculated phase diagrams and thermodynamic property diagrams in CALPHAD investigation to both cathodes and anodes of Li-ion batteries, including Li–Co–O, Li–Ni–O, Li–Co–Ni–O, Li–Mn–O, Li–Cu–O, Li–Si, Li–Sb and Li–Sn systems with. The intensive CALPHAD-type research may also predict electrochemical properties, cell performance of the Li-ion batteries to achieve more efficient development of electrode materials.     

Lithium intercalation mechanism for β-SnSb in Sn-Sb thin films

Based on the first-principles plane wave pseudo-potential method, the electronic structure and electrochemical performance of Li_xSn₄Sb₄ (x=2, 4, 6, and 8) and Li_xSn_1-xSb₄ (x=9, 10, 11, and 12) phases were calculated. A Sn-Sb thin film on a Cu foil was also prepared by radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology, composition, and lithium intercalation/extraction behavior of the fabricated film were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Lithium atoms can easily insert into and extract out of the β-SnSb cell due to the low lithium intercalation formation energy. It is found that lithium atoms first occupy the interstitial sites, and then Sn atoms at the lattice positions are replaced by excessive lithium. The dissociative Sn atoms continue to produce different Li-Sn phases, which will affect the electrode stability and lead to the undesirable effect due to their large volume expansion ratio. The calculated lithium intercalation potential is stable at about 0.7 V, which is consistent with the experimental result.     

High-performance lithium–sulfur battery based on porous N-rich g-C3N4 nan-otubes via a self-template method

The commercial development of lithium–sulfur batteries (Li–S) is severely limited by the shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LPSs) and the non-conductivity of sulfur. Herein, porous g-C3N4 nanotubes (PCNNTs) are synthesized via a self-template method and util-ized as an efficient sulfur host material. The one-dimensional PCNNTs have a high specific surface area (143.47 m2·g?1) and an abundance of macro-/mesopores, which could achieve a high sulfur loading rate of 74.7wt%. A Li–S battery bearing the PCNNTs/S composite as a cathode displays a low capacity decay of 0.021% per cycle over 800 cycles at 0.5 C with an initial capacity of 704.8 mAh·g?1. PCNNTs with a tubular structure could alleviate the volume expansion caused by sulfur and lithium sulfide during charge/discharge cycling. High N contents could greatly enhance the adsorption capacity of the carbon nitride for LPSs. These synergistic effects contribute to the excellent cycling stability and rate performance of the PCNNTs/S composite electrode.     

WO3和V2O5薄膜电致变色器件特性研究

采用电子束和热蒸发分别制备了WO3和V2O5薄膜,研究了WO3薄膜的电化学、循环耐用性、电致变色特性,分析了V2O5薄膜的Li离子储存性能、Li离子的注入／退出可逆性以及离子注入对光学性能的影响,并讨论了WO3薄膜/Li离子电解质／V2O5薄膜构成的灵巧窗器件的电致变色特性．实验结果表明,这样构成的灵巧窗器件具有比较理想的光学调制性能．     

添加剂对于炭阳极活性的影响

通过测定加入锂盐的预焙炭阳极的极化曲线,表明锂盐的存在降低了铝电解的阳极过电压;极化曲线的Tafel方程分析表明,锂盐增加了炭阳极在电解铝过程中的活性·通过浸渍锂盐的活性石墨阳极的极化曲线的测定表明阳极过电压的降低主要是反应过电压降低所致,气膜过电压的测定证明了锂盐能够改善阳极与电解质的湿润性,从而降低阳极气膜过电压