泥浆沥清过程熵增物理机制研究

深入探索了泥浆沥清过程的物理机制,然后从理论上证明其过程满足热力学第二定律,最后发现:对于非孤立系统,可以把与系统有相互作用的那部分环境划出来与系统一起构成一个“新孤系”.其熵变有两种机制:一是系统与环境之间的热交换,热交换伴随熵交换,它可以使系统的熵增加,也可以使系统的熵减少;另一种机制是系统内部的不可逆过程,它只能使系统的熵增加.其总体情况是:在系统与环境的交界存在熵流,在系统内部存在不断往外“冒熵”的熵产生源泉——不可逆过程.     

自发熵减少及其统计公式

世界为何能抵抗熵增加定律而涌现自组织结构?孤立系统的熵是否永远只增不减?热力学退化和自组织进化可否统一,如何统一?本文从非平衡熵演化方程出发,论证内部有相互吸引力作用的非平衡系统可能会自发涌现一种新的熵减少,它与传统的熵增加定律共存,互相抵消,结果导致孤立系统的总熵可能减少,从而不仅使孤立系统亦促进开放系统涌现自组织结构。本文推导出这种新的熵减少率的统计公式,并从数学形式和微观物理基础两方面与作者前些年得到的熵增加定律的统计公式作了对比;进而给出孤立系统和开放系统的总熵变化率公式,前者由熵增加定律公式和新的熵减少率公式相加决定,后者为熵增加、熵减少和熵流出3项的代数和,二者都显示了热力学退化和自组织进化的统一。应用本文理论公式,定性地讨论了两个实际孤立系统不均匀结构的形成,包括对宇宙热寂推论的澄清。     

设想七种可逆过程计算理想气体绝热自由膨胀过程的熵变

熵是一个态函数,系统从某一初态过渡到某一终态时,它的熵变与过程无关,只与初、终两态有关。因此,当系统经过某一不可逆过程从初态过渡到终态时,为了计算系统的熵变,可以设想一个可逆过程,使系统同样从初态过渡到终态,系统在此设想的可逆过程中的熵变便与所讨论的不可逆过程中的熵变相等。但是一般教科书中都没有设想多种可逆过程来计算一个不可逆过程的熵变叙述。本文设想七种可逆过程来计算理想气体绝热自由膨胀过程的熵变。     

熵也是能量不可用程度的标志

在自然界发生的实际过程,总伴随能量在质方面的耗散,本来可以做功的那部份能量丧失其做功能力而转变成热(q_n、u),成为不可用能(W_L),它的多少与过程的总熵变△S 总(系统的熵变和环境熵变之和)存在关系dS_总=δ_q(n、(?)/T=δW_L/T式中 T 为系统温度、当系统与环境(温度为T_0)有热交换时,T=T_0。把熵与不可用能结合起来,它的意义直观清楚,有利教学。     

地球-大气-海洋系统熵收支的估算

地球-大气-海洋系统的能量收支遵循热力学第一定律(能量守恒定律),是守恒的;而系统的熵收支却遵循热力学第二定律(熵增加原理),是不守恒的. 文中给出并讨论了地球-大气-海洋系统的熵平衡方程并根据新近的全球多年平均的能量收支和海-气界面通量气候资料,重新对地球、大气和海洋系统界面上的年平均熵收支作出估计,以期为进一步研究系统内部不可逆过程导致的熵产生及其局域熵的时-空变化提供一个定量依据.     

试论黑洞结构的有序化

我们认为黑洞(BH)可能具有内部结构,且可能具有周期性的有序化结构。现论证如下。从统计热力学的研究得知:非平衡是有序之源。对于一个非平衡的开放体系来说,体系的总熵变δS应由两部分所贡献: δS=δ_iS δ_eS,(1) 其中δ_iS是体系内部本身的不可逆过程所引起的“熵增加”,δ_eS是体系与外界交换能量     

基于耗散结构系统熵模型的区域人力资源供给系统有序性研究

区域人力资源供给系统是一个复杂的开放系统,不断与外界环境、社会之间存在着能量、信息和物质的交换,其内部各要素之间相互作用导致系统的熵值增加,系统运行变得不稳定,根据熵与系统有序性之间的关联关系。可以构造耗散结构系统熵模型并测定熵值的变化,就可以反映出系统运行的有序程度。研究发现,区域人力资源供给系统是一个耗散结构,其发展的有序性可以通过反映内部结构的“关联熵”和反映系统动态运行的“运行熵”来判断。因此,建立区域人力资源供给系统熵分析模型,通过“关联熵”和“运行熵”来对系统有序性进行测定。利用辽宁人力资源供给相关指标数据进行分析发现：金融危机之后,随着经济的发展,人力资源供给有序性逐渐提高。     

粒子的坐标熵与动量熵的互补性——熵增长定律对所有熵都适用吗?

基于统计物理学中定义熵的一般公式,提出了单粒子坐标熵和动量熵的定义。从微观粒子的状态既可以用坐标表象中的波函数描述,也可以用动量表象中的波函数来描述出发,利用坐标几率密度函数ρ和动量几率密度函数w来定义粒子的坐标熵Sx和动量熵Sp,引用便于计算的谐振子基态来说明Sx与Sp之间的确存在着这种互补性,对线性振子其他态的计算,也证实了这种互补性的存在;推断出坐标熵与动量熵之间应该存在着一种互补关系:当粒子的微观状态发生变化时,若此过程使坐标熵增加,则其动量熵必减少;若此过程使坐标熵减少,则其动量熵必增加,论述了这两种熵之间存在互补性。并认为,这2种熵互补的根源来自不确定度关系,最后指出熵增长定律对坐标熵适用,而对动量熵不适用。     

信息熵通过系统变化规律的研究

对孤立热力系统中的不可逆过程，热力系统熵自发不可逆地增加；而对自发进行的物理变化过程，物理场熵是减小的。迄今，信息系统中信息熵的变化规律尚不十分明确。对此进行研究，得出结论：带限平稳正态随机信号通过因果最小相位线性系统后，熵可增加或减小，可用线性逆系统使熵可逆变化；平稳非正态独立同分布随机信号通过因果非最小相位线性系统后，熵恒增加，并趋近平稳正态信号，使熵趋于最大。原线性系统不能使熵可逆变化，亦不     

论熵争论中否定熵的倾向─—与王兆强先生商榷

在熵的讨论中，学术界有一种从根本上否定“熵”和“熵理论”的倾向。本文从热力学熵的引入、含意和熵增原理在有关的不可逆过程中的应用，说明熵是一个真实而合理的物理量，熵增原理是反映热力学第二定律本质的定量表述；并提出了熵的泛化不能违背熵概念和熵增原理的基本界定的观点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the