考虑吸附效应的非达西流压裂水平井试井分析

页岩气藏渗透率较低,流动过程中存在边界层影响和吸附解吸现象。在建立页岩气藏压裂水平井试井模型过程中,非压裂区域考虑为存在吸附效应的非达西流动,压裂区域考虑为双重孔隙介质达西流动,水力压裂裂缝区为达西流动。基于油气渗流理论和数学物理方法,建立了考虑吸附效应的非达西流压裂水平井试井模型,求解得到了考虑井筒存储和表皮效应的压裂水平井井底压力响应,并进行了压力响应参数敏感性分析。结果表明:启动压力梯度主要影响特征曲线后期上翘程度;窜流系数主要影响"凹槽"的位置,当同时考虑启动压力梯度和吸附解吸时,窜流系数还影响着解吸时间的长短;解吸系数主要反映解吸扩散程度,随着压力降低,页岩气解吸效果越明显,特征曲线中的"凹槽"宽度和下凹程度越大。研究对于页岩气藏压裂水平井的开发与动态监测具有一定的指导意义。     

页岩气藏部分压开压裂井压力动态分析

 压裂井因为能够提高单井产量和降低成本在页岩气藏的开发过程中得到了广泛应用,然而在实际生产过程中由于页岩储层普遍厚度较大,难以被完全压开。为此,综合考虑页岩气的解吸、扩散和渗流特征,建立了页岩气藏部分压开压裂井的渗流模型,应用Laplace变换、Fourier变换和Duhamel原理,结合Stehfest数值反演对模型进行求解,绘制了相应的压力特征曲线并对其进行了流动阶段的划分,讨论了相关参数对压力动态的影响。研究表明,页岩气藏部分压开压裂井的压力特征曲线存在7个主要流动阶段;裂缝的压开程度主要影响球形流阶段表现的明显程度及压力导数曲线前期位置的高低,解吸系数主要影响压力导数曲线下凹的深度,无因次储容系数主要影响压力导数曲线下凹的宽度和深度,无因次窜流系数主要影响解吸扩散阶段出现的早晚。所获得的结果可为利用压裂井合理高效地开发页岩气藏提供理论支持。     

裂缝性油藏分段压裂水平井试井模型研究

建立了裂缝性油藏分段压裂水平井试井模型,模型分水力裂缝区域与储层区域两部分,水力裂缝基于离散裂缝模型降维处理,储层区域使用双孔双渗模型表征,使用伽辽金有限元方法进行求解,最后通过编程计算绘制了压力动态曲线,并对曲线的形态特征及影响曲线的因素进行分析.研究结果表明:压力动态曲线分为双线性流、裂缝径向流、椭圆流、拟径向流、窜流及边界反映6个流动阶段.裂缝间距越大,裂缝径向流持续的时间越长;裂缝条数越多,消耗的压差越小;弹性储容比越小,窜流形成的"凹子"就越宽越深;窜流系数越大,"凹子"形成的时间就越早.研究结果不仅丰富了试井模型,而且可为裂缝性油藏分段压裂水平井试井解释提供科学依据.     

裂缝性油气藏压裂水平井试井分析

利用Green函数源函数法,通过镜像映射和叠加原理得到裂缝性油气藏水平井多段压裂改造后地层中任意一点的压力解。首先推导顶底封闭四周无限大、盒状及定压条件下单条裂缝生产时地层中任意一点在拉氏空间的压力计算公式,并假设水平井井筒无限导流,进一步建立水平井多段压裂改造后井底压力求解方法。基于Stehfest数值反演得到考虑井筒存储和表皮系数影响的水平井井底压力解。对不同边界条件下井底压力及压力导数的双对数曲线进行分析,并分析压裂裂缝参数对井底压力响应的影响。结果表明:压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及边界影响五种流动阶段;同时由于油藏为双重介质油藏,所以还存在基质系统向裂缝系统的窜流;裂缝条数越多,生产相同的时间时井底无因次压降越小,但当压力波传到边界后裂缝条数不再对流动造成明显影响;裂缝半长会影响压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间及地层线性流之前的压降,且压裂裂缝越长,压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间越晚,生产相同的时间所需要的无因次压降越小;裂缝间距会影响裂缝径向流结束的时间,且缝距越小,裂缝径向流持续的时间越短。现场应用结果证明了模型的正确性。     

裂缝性油气藏压裂水平井试井分析

利用Green函数源函数法,通过镜像映射和叠加原理得到裂缝性油气藏水平井多段压裂改造后地层中任意一点的压力解。首先推导顶底封闭四周无限大、盒状及定压条件下单条裂缝生产时地层中任意一点在拉氏空间的压力计算公式,并假设水平井井筒无限导流,进一步建立水平井多段压裂改造后井底压力求解方法。基于Stehfest数值反演得到考虑井筒存储和表皮系数影响的水平井井底压力解。对不同边界条件下井底压力及压力导数的双对数曲线进行分析,并分析压裂裂缝参数对井底压力响应的影响。结果表明:压裂水平井存在压裂裂缝线性流、压裂裂缝径向流、地层线性流、系统径向流及边界影响五种流动阶段;同时由于油藏为双重介质油藏,所以还存在基质系统向裂缝系统的窜流;裂缝条数越多,生产相同的时间时井底无因次压降越小,但当压力波传到边界后裂缝条数不再对流动造成明显影响;裂缝半长会影响压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间及地层线性流之前的压降,且压裂裂缝越长,压裂裂缝径向流出现的时间越晚,生产相同的时间所需要的无因次压降越小;裂缝间距会影响裂缝径向流结束的时间,且缝距越小,裂缝径向流持续的时间越短。现场应用结果证明了模型的正确性。     

致密油层体积压裂水平井压力传播特征研究

考虑体积压裂水平井不同区域渗流特征(裂缝控制外区-裂缝控制内区-压裂水平井),建立了储层-裂缝-井筒耦合流动模型,应用Laplace变换及Stehfest数值反演,给出并分析了压力动态特征曲线。结果表明:基于压力导数曲线斜率,可以将体积压裂水平井压力传播过程划分为7个阶段:(1井筒储集控制阶段;2裂缝内径向流阶段;3裂缝及储层双线性流阶段;4裂缝干扰前线性流阶段;5裂缝干扰过渡流阶段;6裂缝内区线性流阶段;7裂缝外区拟径向流阶段)。同时,结合目标区块地质特征,分析了压裂参数对各阶段压力传播特征影响。结果表明:裂缝导流能力主要影响缝间干扰前早期流动特征,持续时间约200 h;裂缝条数主要影响缝间干扰出现的时间,持续时间约1 000 h;裂缝半长几乎影响整个生产前期与中期流动阶段,影响时间可持续至10 000 h。因此对于目标区块致密储层而言,建议首先优化裂缝半长,其次为裂缝条数,最后为导流能力。研究将对压力传播阶段识别、生产动态解释及裂缝参数优化提供理论基础。     

页岩气压裂水平井不稳定流动模型

水平井多级压裂技术已经成为目前开发页岩气藏的主要手段。针对气体在页岩流动过程中存在的吸附解吸、扩散、滑脱、启动压力梯度和应力敏感等效应,基于三线性渗流方程的基础上,推导出五线性渗流方程,建立了页岩气藏压裂水平井渗流数学模型。运用Laplace变换和Duhamel原理,求解出考虎井筒储集效应和表皮效应的页岩气藏压裂水平井Laplace空间的无因次井底拟压力解。通过Stefest数值反演,绘制了无因次拟压力曲线和拟压力导数曲线。依据特征曲线划分了流动阶段,并分析了不同影响因素对气井压力特征曲线的影响。研究结果表明：压裂水平井泄流范围可划分为五个流动区域,气井的压力特征曲线可划分为六个流动阶段。裂缝导流能力对水平井压力特征曲线的影响主要在过渡阶段、双线性流阶段；吸附系数主要影响过渡段、双线性流段、线性流段以及拟稳定流阶段；视渗透率系数主要影响双线性流动阶段、过渡阶段、窜流扩散阶段、地层线性阶段和拟稳定流阶段；导压系数影响窜流扩散阶段、地层线性流阶段和拟稳定流阶段；压裂改造区宽度主要影响地层线性流和系统拟稳态流动段。模型可以正确认识页岩储层复杂渗流规律,判别页岩气藏压裂水平井流动阶段,为预测单井产能和优化压裂设计参数提供了科学依据。     

页岩油压裂水平井变导流能力试井模型研究

致密油气、页岩油气等非常规油气资源由于其储层渗透率低,在开采过程中往往采用水平井多级压裂技术来提高单井产量,实现经济开采。基于渗流力学,建立了考虑应力敏感、变裂缝导流能力的裂缝性油气藏多段压裂水平井试井数学模型,通过Laplace和Fourier变换等方法求得模型在Laplace空间下的无因次井底压力解;用Stehfest数值反演计算了实空间无因次井底压力。研究表明,当所有无因次裂缝导流能力之和不变时,如果井筒两端裂缝导流能力高于中部裂缝导流能力,早期阶段生产压差小,压力曲线低;当无因次裂缝导流能力沿裂缝方向减小时,无因次裂缝导流能力变化梯度越大,生产压差越大,早期阶段无因次压力曲线越高;应力敏感系数越大,无因次压力及压力导数曲线上翘幅度越大;裂缝储容比越小,窜流段压力导数曲线“凹子”越深;窜流系数越大,窜流发生越早。     

复杂裂缝条件下压裂井压力动态分析

建立了考虑裂缝形状和导流能力变化的压裂井不稳定渗流的数学模型,并采用有限元方法求解,获得了井底压力随时间的变化规律。同时绘制了相应的压力动态曲线,并对曲线的特征和影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明:圆形封闭地层压裂井的压力动态曲线可以划分为6个流动阶段;在相同裂缝开口宽度和相同裂缝长度的条件下,与矩形裂缝相比,楔形裂缝压力消耗大,表现为无因次压力及压力导数曲线较高;在相同裂缝开口渗透率的条件下,与导流能力呈线性降低的裂缝以及常导流能力裂缝相比,导流能力呈幂指数降低的裂缝压力消耗最大,表现为无因次压力及压力导数曲线最高。     

页岩气藏多级压裂水平井压力动态分析

基于非结构Voronoi网格技术生成压裂水平井非结构网格,引入尘气模型(DGM)建立考虑页岩气藏吸附解吸、扩散和达西流的运移数学模型,并结合控制体有限差分法和全隐式法推导得到页岩气藏压裂水平井压力动态分析数学模型离散格式,编程绘制页岩气藏压裂水平井不稳定压力动态分析典型曲线。研究结果表明:页岩气藏压裂水平井压力动态分析典型曲线可划分为井筒储集、过渡流、裂缝线性流、早期径向流、复合线性流、系统径向流和边界流7个流动阶段;吸附解吸作用越强,试井典型曲线的位置越低,同时生产时井底附近压力降落最大,近井带解吸气对气井供给量最大,使得过渡流出现一个"凹子",但受吸附解吸强度的影响,过渡流的"凹子"可能被掩盖掉;扩散系数能提高极低页岩渗透率储层的气体流动能力,当扩散系数达到一定值时,试井曲线中对应影响的流动阶段位置偏低;渗透率、裂缝数量、裂缝半长和裂缝间距对页岩气藏压裂水平井压力动态的影响与对常规气藏的影响一致。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.