Edaphic factors determining variation of two ecotypes of Leymus chinensis in North China

To identify ecotypic variation of L. chinensis, the physiological characteristics and environmental factors were measured and assessed for grey-green and yellow-green ecotypes of L. chinensis grown in the salt-alkalized and aeolian sandy soils. Although both ecotypes presented a similar salt-alkaline tolerance under the experimental conditions, they differed in several aspects. The L. chinensis grown in the aeolian sandy soils had higher water potential and chlorophyll content and lower proline content in their leaves than those grown in the salt-alkalized habitat, and the grey-green ecotype of L. chinensis in both types of soils had higher water potential, chlorophyll and proline contents than the yellow-green ecotype. Besides, grey-green ecotypes had higher salt-alkaline tolerance than the yellow-green ecotype. The stepwise regression analysis showed that soil conductance and pH value were the main ecological factors affecting the physiology of L. chinensis. From the natural distribution of the two ecotypes, we considered that salt-alkaline in the soils is the leading factor in determining ecotypic variation of L. chinensis. The two ecotypes were first named grey-green and yellow-green ecotypes respectively.     

Edaphic factors determining variation of two ecotypes of Leymus chinensis in North China

Leymus chinensis(Trin.) Tzvel .is a type ofperennial ,rhizome grass with biological andecologicalproperties of resisting drought , poor-nutrient andsalt-alkaline stress .L. chiensiscan adapt to manycomplicated habitats due toits highecological plastici-ty.L. chinensisis always distributed as scatteredpatches with either grey-green or yellow-greenleaves. Steppe dominated by this species is widelydistributed at the eastern end of the Eurasian steppezone. Its main locations in China are the Son…     

两个生态型羊草种群的营养更新特征分析

在西辽河平原天然羊草草地上取样研究了灰绿型和黄绿型两个羊草种群分株的数量特征．结果表明，地上分株生物量、新世代无性分株生物量和新世代有性分株生物量存在显著差异，再生世代分株生物量没有显著差异，分株生物量分配均以新世代分株、无性分株占优势；反应种群营养更新特征的种群新生系数和种群再生系数两个生态型分别为0.63，0．37和0.57，0．43没有显著差异．羊草两个生态型在种群结构相对稳定期有趋异适应方式，又有相似的适应规律。     

松嫩盐碱化羊草草甸草原羊草光合色素的研究

松嫩草地盐碱化严重。在一定的土壤电导率值和pH值范围内,羊草能够正常生长。羊草草地退化演替的过程中,羊草的光合色素总量、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量均发生变化。不同退化演替过程中羊草叶片光合色素在不同生育期呈相似的变化趋势。伴随着草地退化的加重,羊草光合色素总量和叶绿素含量呈现下降趋势。但是出现了叶绿素a/b、类胡萝卜素特异性增加的现象。通过统计学分析表明,羊草叶片光合色素总量、叶绿素含量与羊草种群的形成有密切的关系。     

三种生态型大米草在逆境条件下同工酶表达的差异

三种不同生态型大米草无论在对照还是在温度胁迫下,其５叶期植株叶片内ＭＤＨ和ＰＯＤ同工酶存在一定的差异。     

Pb uptake, accumulation, subcellular distribution in a Pb－accumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii （Hance）

Lead concentrations in roots, stems and leaves of accumulating and non-accumulating ecotypes of Sedum alfredii (Hance) were studied through a hydroponic experiment with different Pb concentrations sup-plied as Pb( NO3 )2 .Lead concentrations in leaves and stems of the accumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 3-5 times those of the non-accumulating ecotype, and Pb-accumulated amounts in stems and leaves of theaccumulating ecotype were 4-9 times and 8-1l times higher than those of the non-accumulating ecotype,respectively. The results indicated that the accumulating ecotype had better ability to transport Pb from roots toshoots. The subeellular distributions of Pb in the root, stem and leaf tissues were studied using sucrose differ-ential centrifugation. Approximately 50% of Pb contents was found to be associated with the cell wall fractionin stems of the accumulating ecotype and the percentage increased to 80％ both in roots and leaves, no matter when plants were grown with different levels of Pb. The results indicated that the distribution of Pb on cell walls of the accumulating ecotype could mainly account for the high tolerance to Pb.     

高温下两种不同生态型麻疯树叶片光能利用和分配特性的比较

比较了高温对来源于海南和贵州的2种不同生态型麻疯树的光能利用和分配特性的影响.结果表明,温度升高引起了2种麻疯树叶片PSⅡ最大光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）的降低和初始荧光（Fo）的上升,部分抑制了PSⅡ的功能.与贵州麻疯树相比,海南麻疯树在中度高温胁迫（30～40℃）时,增加了对过量激发能的热耗散能力,使其维持较高的光能转化效率.当温度升至45℃,虽然热耗散机制受到破坏,海南麻疯树仍然有7%的光能用于光化学反应,而贵州麻疯树的这一比例降为0%.本研究的结果表明,海南麻疯树比贵州麻疯树具有更强的高温耐受能力.     

香根草种质资源耐寒性的变异研究

以相对电导率、可溶性糖含量、叶绿素含量和脯氨酸含量的变化为指标，对14个生态型香根草的耐寒能力进行了试验和综合评价。结果表明：各生态型之间的抗寒性存在着较大差异，其中1号Karnataka，5号Kandy，10号Monto，11号Sabak bernam四个生态型的抗寒性较好，可作为将来优良抗寒品种的原始育种材料。     

NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长及光合作用特征的影响

以碧春黄瓜为材料,研究了不同浓度NaCl处理对黄瓜幼苗生长、叶片光合作用特性、以及脯氨酸和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明:10 mmol/L NaCl处理促进了黄瓜幼苗生长,但高浓度NaCl(≥25 mmol/L)处理下,黄瓜幼苗的生物量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、光系统II电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)和叶绿素含量均随着浓度增加下降,气孔限制值(LS)、MDA和脯氨酸含量则随着浓度增加而上升;但NaCl处理对光化学效率(Fv/Fm)影响不大。由此说明,低浓度NaCl处理促进了黄瓜幼苗的生长,且NaCl浓度低于100 mmol/L时也未引起黄瓜幼苗叶片光抑制的发生,其光合作用下降的主要原因是叶绿素含量下降以及气孔限制,并且脯氨酸含量的增加也起到增强其抗性的作用。     

不同生态型植物对重金属的积累及耐性研究进展

植物修复是目前治理土壤重金属污染最重要的方法之一，选择合适的植物是植物修复的关键.分类学上种的概念在生态恢复应用上是不充分的，必须从生态型水平上去探讨.不同生态型的同种植物在积累和忍耐重金属方面通常有很大的区别.它们对外源金属的浓度、离子供应形态及金属离子间的相互作用表现出不同的响应特征，富集能力上的差别主要源于不同生态型在金属转运体、解毒机理和遗传特性的不同；金属耐性上的差别主要是由于遗传机制、酶系统、对重金属的避性及区域化不同造成的，植物螯合肽(PC)不是耐性差异的主要因素.不同生态型植物是研究超富集、金属耐性和金属积累机理的理想材料.     

Salt tolerance conferred by over-expression of OsNHX1 gene in Poplar 84K

OsNHX1 gene (Na^＋/H^＋ antiporter gene of Oryza sativa L.) was introduced into Poplar 84K with Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. PCR, Southern and Northern blot analysis showed that OsNHX1 gene was incorporated successfully into the genome of Poplar 84K and expressed in these transgenic plants. Salt tolerance test showed that three lines of transgenic plants grew normally in the presence of 2OO mmol/L NaCI, while the Na^＋ content in the leaves of the transgenic plants grown at 2OO mmol/L NaCl was significantly higher than that in plants grown at 0mmol/L NaCI. The osmotic potential in the transgenic plants with high salinity treatment was lower than that of control plants. Our results demonstrate the potential use of these transgenic plants for agricultural use in saline soils.     

Genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and evolutionary relationship among ecotypes of Glycine max and G. soja in China

The knowledge of origin and evolution of cultivated soybeans is one of the basic issues in both biology and agronomy of the crop. In order to investigate the nuclear and cytoplasmic genetic diversity, geographic differentiation and genetic relationship among geographic ecotypes of cultivated （Glycine max） and wild （G. soja） soybeans, the allelic profiles at 60 nuclear simple-sequence repeat （nuSSR） loci and 11 chloroplastic SSR （cpSSR） loci evenly distributed on whole genome of 393 landraces and 196 wild accessions from nation-wide growing areas in China were analyzed. （i） The genetic diversity of the wild soybean was obviously larger than that of the cultivated soybean, with their nuSSR and cpSSR alleles as 1067 vs. 980 and 57 vs 44, respectively. Of the 980 nuclear alleles detected in the cultivated soybean, 377 new ones （38.5%） emerged, while of the 44 chloroplastic alleles in the cultivated soybean, seven new ones （15.9%） emerged after domestication. （ii） Among the cultivated geographic ecotypes, those from southern China, including South-Central China, Southwest China and South China possessed relatively great genetic diversity than those from northern China, while among the wild geographic ecotypes, the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype showed the highest genetic diversity. （iii） The analysis of molecular variance, association analysis between geographic grouping and molecular marker clustering and analysis of specific-present alleles of ecotypes demonstrated that the geographic differentiation of both cultivated and wild soybeans associated with their genetic differentiation, or in other words, had their relevant genetic bases. （iv） The cluster analysis of all accessions clearly showed that the wild accessions from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys and South-Central ＆ Southwest China had relatively small genetic distances with all cultivated accessions. The UPGMA dendrogram among geographic ecotypes further showed that the genetic distances between all cultivated ecotypes and the Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys wild ecotype were smaller than those with other wild ones, including their local wild counterparts. Therefore, it is inferred that the wild ancestors in southern China, especially those from Middle and Lower Changjiang Valleys might be the common ancestor of all the cultivated soybeans.     

热胁迫下菜心脯氨酸含量变化及其在耐热中的作用*

在 35℃热胁迫下 ,菜心子叶期幼苗、组织培养再生苗和愈伤组织内游离脯氨酸含量迅速出现积累 ,子叶期幼苗和愈伤组织内脯氨酸含量比对照 ( 2 5℃ )高 2 - 3倍 ,耐热的四九菜心品种内的脯氨酸含量高于较不耐热的六十天特青 .在培养基中加入 1mg·l- 1脯氨酸 ,可降低愈伤组织细胞在热胁迫下的相对电解质渗出率 ,减轻褐变 ,延缓衰老 ,促进鲜重的增加 .外源脯氨酸促进热胁迫下愈伤组织细胞POD、CAT和SOD酶活性保持较高水平 ,增强耐热性     

核电厂周边土壤中放射性核素60Co的淋溶迁移分布

 我国核电厂址目前主要以滨海厂址为主,周边土壤多为棕壤土和风砂土,关于核素¹³⁷Cs和⁸⁹Sr等核素在土壤中迁移分析较多,关于⁶⁰Co在棕壤土和风砂土中的迁移报道较少。本研究采用原状土柱法及同位素示踪技术,采集我国三代核电“国和一号”石岛湾示范厂址周边的原状土柱,开展放射性核素⁶⁰Co在棕壤土和风砂土中的淋溶垂直迁移实验,模拟核事故后放射性核素⁶⁰Co在2种土壤中的垂直迁移,分析影响⁶⁰Co垂直迁移的相关因素,预测核事故后⁶⁰Co对地下水的影响。实验结果表明,随着淋溶实验的增加,风砂土中⁶⁰Co迁移量比棕壤土中的大,但随着喷淋实验的进行差异渐趋减小;由于土壤对⁶⁰Co的极强吸附,导致淋溶水检测不到⁶⁰Co;经过为期3年的原状土柱实验,72.36%~85.26%的⁶⁰Co主要滞留于土壤表层0~5 cm范围内,因此⁶⁰Co短期内很难迁移到地下水中。土壤中⁶⁰Co比活度与距离土壤表层深度分布呈单项指数规律。     

克氏针茅典型草原区建植人工草地的探索

发展优质高产的人工草地是有效解决草畜矛盾的途径之一。以羊草、披碱草、冰草、紫花苜蓿为实验材料,在呼伦贝尔市新巴尔虎右旗克氏针茅草原区开展人工草地实验。结果表明:建植当年,四种牧草都有较好的出苗率。建植第二年,羊草、披碱草和冰草的株丛数之间无显著差异,显著高于紫花苜蓿的株丛数;羊草和冰草的返青率高于30%,显著大于披碱草的返青率,紫花苜蓿的返青率最低,低于2%,显著小于披碱草的返青率;羊草、披碱草和冰草三种禾草之间的叶氮和叶绿素含量差异均不显著,紫花苜蓿叶片氮和叶绿素含量高于三种禾草;羊草、披碱草和冰草的植株高度为30~40 cm,差异不显著,紫花苜蓿的植株高度最低,为21.6 cm,显著低于其他三种禾草的植株高度;紫花苜蓿地上生物量显著低于三种禾草。受该区域冬季寒冷和生长季干旱的气候限制,需要综合评价确立该区域建植人工草地的可行性。     

Vertical adaptive radiation in ocean Prochlorococcus: Evolutionary implications of the Chl b/a ratio from molecular evidence

Prochlorococcus is a marine cyanobacterium of global significance. Two ecotypes are adapted to either high-light (HL) or low-light (LL) conditions. The ratio between chlorophyll (Chl) a and b is a distinguishing characteristic of these two ecotypes. However, how this ratio evolved in Prochlorococcus during this ecotype differentiation remains unclear. Our analyses reveal that the ancestor of Prochlorococcus was typically low-light adapted. The LL ecotype showed a stagnant evolution, and the HL ecotype was recently diverged. There was an adaptive radiation after directional evolution in the Chl b/a ratio regulation. Recombination in chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO) and positive selection on Clp protease contributed to the directional evolution of Prochlorococcus. The recombinant fragments of CAO were correlated with a large group of shared coevolving sites. Evidence of positive selection was found in both subunits of Clp. Chl b/a ratio evolution, as annotated by molecular evidence, appears to be among the crucial reasons that explain how Prochlorococcus has become the dominant photosynthetic organism in the ocean.     

不同氮化合物添加对羊草叶绿素和叶氮含量的影响

氮沉降是全球变化研究的热点问题之一。以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草甸草原优势种羊草为研究对象,分析不同氮化合物和不同剂量氮添加对羊草叶片叶绿素和叶氮含量的影响。结果表明:硝酸铵和硫酸铵两种氮素化合物对叶绿素和叶氮含量的影响没有显著差异;在两种氮添加均显著增加了羊草叶片叶绿素和叶氮含量,且随着氮浓度的增加,叶绿素和叶氮含量呈单峰模式;在两种化合物添加处理下,羊草叶绿素和叶氮含量之间呈显著正相关关系。     

温带半湿润地区草原风沙土的水分特征

温带半湿润地区的草原风沙土是草甸草原黑钙土地带内的幼年土,具有比干旱,半干旱沙区相对湿润的成土条件;流动草原风沙土的物理性状使其具有自我保墒性能,在干旱季节表现出比同区黑钙土更湿润的特征,并且土壤水有效性高;流动草原风沙土经植被固定而发育为半固定和固定风沙土后,逐渐失去自我保墒性能的湿润性;对草原风沙土进行人工生物固沙时,不宜大面积栽植速生杨树片林、否则随着草原风沙土的固定和树龄的增大,会因土壤水     

砂质土壤持水特性空间变异特征传递函数模型

为探讨土壤持水特性的空间变异特征,采用Vereecken和Campbell模型预测辽宁西部风沙土的田间持水量(θ60 cm)和萎蔫含水量(θ15 000 cm),并借助传统统计学和地统计学方法预测其空间变异,结果表明:两个模型预测θ60 cm的精确度均低于θ15 000 cm;Vereecken模型的精确度高于Campbell模型.Vereecken模型预测的20 cm~40 cmθ60 cm和θ1 5000 cm半方差模型参数和分形维数较Campbell模型更接近于实测数据,但无法描述0 cm~20 cm的空间结构;因此,Vereecken模型可预测砂质土壤20 cm~40 cmθ60 cm、θ15 000 cm及其空间变异特征.