氧化锌矿物浸出渣中铅、锶的提取及动力学分析

NH₄HCO₃ conversion followed by HCl leaching was performed and proven to be effective in extracting Pb and Sr from zinc extracted residual. The mechanism and operating conditions of NH₄HCO₃ conversion, including molar ratio of NH₄HCO₃ to zinc extracted residual, NH₄HCO₃ concentration, conversion temperature, conversion time, and stirring velocity, were discussed, and operating conditions were optimized by the orthogonal test. Experimental results indicate that NH₄HCO₃ conversion at temperatures ranging from 25 to 85°C follows the shrinking unreacted core model and is controlled by inner diffusion through the product layer. The extraction ratios of Pb and Sr under optimized conditions reached 85.15% and 87.08%, respectively. Moreover, the apparent activation energies of Pb and Sr were 13.85 and 13.67 kJ·mol?1, respectively.     

基于响应曲面法的铁焦冶金性能多目标协同优化

Iron carbon agglomerates (ICA) are used to realize low-carbon blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, the central composite design based on response surface methodology was used to synergistically optimize the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. Results show that the iron ore addition ratio significantly influences the compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength of ICA. The iron ore addition ratio and carbonization temperature or the iron ore addition ratio and carbonization time exert significant interaction effects on the compressive strength and reactivity of ICA, but it has no interaction effects on the post-reaction strength of ICA. In addition, the optimal process parameters are as follows: iron ore addition ratio of 15.30wt%, carbonization temperature of 1000°C, and carbonization time of 4.27 h. The model prediction results of compressive strength, reactivity, and post-reaction strength are 4026 N, 55.03%, and 38.24%, respectively, which are close to the experimental results and further verify the accuracy and reliability of the models.     

皮秒Nd:YAG激光对生物金属纯Ti和Ti–13Nb–13Zr合金的表面改性

The effects of picosecond Nd:YAG laser irradiation on chemical and morphological surface characteristics of the commercially pure titanium and Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in air and argon atmospheres were studied under different laser output energy values. During the interaction of laser irradiation with the investigated materials, a part of the energy was absorbed on the target surface, influencing surface modifications. Laser beam interaction with the target surface resulted in various morphological alterations, resulting in crater formation and the presence of microcracks and hydrodynamic structures. Moreover, different chemical changes were induced on the target materials’ surfaces, resulting in the titanium oxide formation in the irradiation-affected area and consequently increasing the irradiation energy absorption. Given the high energy absorption at the site of interaction, the dimensions of the surface damaged area increased. Consequently, surface roughness increased. The appearance of surface oxides also led to the increased material hardness in the surface-modified area. Observed chemical and morphological changes were pronounced after laser irradiation of the Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy surface.     

汽车用废弃锂离子电池的减量化、再生及回收研究进展

The demand for Li-ion batteries (LIBs) for vehicles is increasing. However, LIBs use valuable rare metals, such as Co and Li, as well as environmentally toxic reagents. LIBs are also necessary to utilize for a long period and to recycle useful materials. The reduction, reuse, and recycle (3R) of spent LIBs is an important consideration in constructing a circular economy. In this paper, a flowsheet of the 3R of LIBs is proposed and methods to reduce the utilization of valuable rare metals and the amount of spent LIBs by remanufacturing used parts and designing new batteries considering the concept of 3R are described. Next, several technological processes for the reuse and recycling of LIBs are introduced. These technologies include discharge, sorting, crushing, binder removal, physical separation, and pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processing. Each process, as well as the related physical, chemical, and biological treatments, are discussed. Finally, the problem of developed technologies and future subjects for 3R of LIBs are described.     

传统加热和微波加热下氧化锰矿的碳热还原行为研究

For the purpose of exploring a potential process to produce FeMn, the effects of microwave heating on the carbothermal reduction characteristics of oxidized Mn ore was investigated. The microwave heating curve of the mixture of oxidized Mn ore and coke was analyzed in association with the characterization of dielectric properties. The comparative experiments were conducted on the carbothermal reductions through conventional and microwave heatings at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1373 K. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that carbothermal reactions under microwave heating proceeded to a greater extent and at a faster pace compared with those under conventional heating. The metal phases were observed in the microstructures only under microwave heating. The carbothermal reduction process under microwave heating was discussed. The electric and magnetic susceptibility differences were introduced into the thermodynamics analysis for the formation of metal Mn. The developed thermodynamics considered that microwave heating could make the reduction of MnO to Mn more accessible and increase the reduction extent.     

机械合金化法制备的Cu/SiC纳米复合材料的组织、热性能和力学性能评估

Nano-sized silicon carbide (SiC: 0wt%, 1wt%, 2wt%, 4wt%, and 8wt%) reinforced copper (Cu) matrix nanocomposites were manufactured, pressed, and sintered at 775 and 875°C in an argon atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructural evolution. The density, thermal expansion, mechanical, and electrical properties were studied. XRD analyses showed that with increasing SiC content, the microstrain and dislocation density increased, while the crystal size decreased. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the nanocomposites was less than that of the Cu matrix. The improvement in the CTE with increasing sintering temperature may be because of densification of the microstructure. Moreover, the mechanical properties of these nanocomposites showed noticeable enhancements with the addition of SiC and sintering temperatures, where the microhardness and apparent strengthening efficiency of nanocomposites containing 8wt% SiC and sintered at 875°C were 958.7 MPa and 1.07 vol%?1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the sample slightly decreased with additional SiC and increased with sintering temperature. The prepared Cu/SiC nanocomposites possessed good electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, and excellent mechanical properties.     

空冷条件下钛渣颗粒的氧化路径及氧化动力学

The oxidation pathway and kinetics of titania slag powders in air were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) andthermogravimetry (TG). The oxidation pathway of titania slag powder in air was divided into three stages according to their three exothermic peaks and three corresponding mass gain stages indicated by the respective non-isothermal DSC and TG curves. The isothermal oxidation kin-etics of high titania slag powders of different sizes were analyzed using the ln-ln analysis method. The results revealed that the entire isotherm-al oxidation process comprises two stages. The kinetic mechanism of the first stage can be described as f (α)=1.77 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.77?1)/1.77 , f (α)=1.97 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.97?1)/1.97 , and f (α)=1.18 (1?α) [?ln (1?α)](1.18?1)/1.18 . The kinetic mechanism of the second stage for all samples can be described as f (α)=1.5(1?α)2/3[1?(1?α)1/3]?1 . The activation energies of titania slag powders with different sizes (d1 < 0.075 mm, 0.125 mm < d2 < 0.150 mm, and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm) for different reaction degrees were calculated. For the given experimental conditions, the rate-controlling step in the first oxidation stage of all the samples is a chemical reaction. The rate-controlling steps of the second oxidation stage are a chemical reaction and internal diffusion (for powders d1 < 0.075 mm) and internal diffusion (for powders 0.125 mm < d2 <0.150 mm and 0.425 mm < d3 < 0.600 mm).     

烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

Morphology control of aluminum nitride (AlN) for a novel high-temperature hydrogen sensor

Hydrogen is a promising renewable energy source for fossil-free transportation and electrical energy generation. However, leaking hydrogen in high-temperature production processes can cause an explosion, which endangers production workers and surrounding areas. To detect leaks early, we used a sensor material based on a wide bandgap aluminum nitride (AlN) that can withstand a high-temperature environment. Three unique AlN morphologies (rod-like, nest-like, and hexagonal plate-like) were synthesized by a direct nitridation method at 1400°C using γ-AlOOH as a precursor. The gas-sensing performance shows that a hexagonal plate-like morphology exhibited p-type sensing behavior and showed good repeatability as well as the highest response (S = 58.7) toward a 750 ppm leak of H₂ gas at high temperature (500°C) compared with the rod-like and nest-like morphologies. Furthermore, the hexagonal plate-like morphology showed fast response and recovery times of 40 and 82 s, respectively. The surface facet of the hexagonal morphology of AlN might be energetically favorable for gas adsorption–desorption for enhanced hydrogen detection.     

科尔泌地区流动沙地景观破碎化与沙漠化过程分析

借助RS和GIS技术提取了科尔泌沙地典型地区不同时期流动沙丘的空间分布信息,通过对景观数量和形状破碎化指数的计算分析,探讨了科尔泌沙地的主景观要素流动沙丘在时间尺度上的变化趋势和及其对沙漠化过程的响应．结果表明:流动沙丘景观数量破碎化在时间尺度上的变化趋势呈波动下降趋势,其中 1974年在破碎化程度最高,1958年和1998年相对最低,这一变化趋势与同期的沙漠化过程呈线性正相关．流动沙丘景观形状破碎化指数在时间尺度上的变化呈直线型逐渐增加的趋势,表明科尔泌沙地近40年来的各种土地利用过程的变化对流动沙丘斑块形状的影响都起促进作用．从形状破碎化与沙漠化的相互关系来看,随沙漠化程度的增加将导致形状破碎化指数的降低．总的来看,在科尔泌沙地景观中,干扰过程的交替使流动沙丘景观数量破碎化指数呈下降趋势,使形状破碎化的程度呈增加的趋势．     

城市土地覆被景观幅度响应的空间形态及方向分异

以遥感影像解译得出的城市土地覆被景观为数据源,探讨了景观指数的幅度响应,以及幅度响应的空间与方向分异特征。结果表明:形状指数SHAPE-MN与表征斑块空间分布的CONTAG指数对幅度变化的敏感性强,其余两类景观指数的敏感性较弱,但仍然因不同的指数而存在差异。景观指数对空间形态的敏感性因指数而异:CONTAG的敏感性最弱,LPI对三角形景观最为敏感,SHDI却对三角形表现不敏感,但是对方形、条形和圆形的形态敏感性较强。幅度响应的方向性也是明显的,如LPI指数在条形景观的东西和南北方向上,景观指数的变化完全相反。     

道路环境影响综合评价指标权重确定方法

针对道路建设项目环境状况评价中存在主观影响因素过多、权重确定复杂等问题,以属性数学理论为基础,通过单指标属性测度分析、多指标综合属性测度分析、属性识别分析,利用相似原理确定指标权重的方法,建立了以噪音污染指数、水环境平均综合污染指数、大气综合质量指数、土壤侵蚀强度等为指标的道路环境评价模型.最后对实际道路进行了环境评价.评价结果表明,该方法可以客观地确定各评价指标的权重,反映了各指标对总体评价结果的影响,评价结果与道路实际环境状况相吻合.     

相容指标约束下离散不确定系统的满意容错控制

针对一类线性离散不确定系统,研究了当执行器发生故障时,扇形区域极点指标、H∞指标和方差指标约束下的满意容错控制问题。在更一般、更实际的执行器故障模型下,利用线性矩阵不等式方法,建立了容错控制中三类指标的相容性理论,并在相容指标约束下给出了有效的控制器设计方法。数值算例验证了结果的有效性。     

多指标约束下的容错控制系统设计

对一类线性不确定系统,研究了区域极点指标、H∞指标和方差指标约束下的容错控制器的设计问题.在更一般、更实际的执行器故障模型下,利用线性矩阵不等式方法,建立了容错控制中三类指标的相容性理论.分析了与区域极点指标相容的H∞指标和方差指标的取值范围,并在相容指标约束下给出了有效的控制器设计方法.仿真实例验证了结果的有效性.     

基于不同测度指标的随机波动性模型及其应用研究

引入了基于日内价格幅度与回报两个测度指标的随机波动性模型.利用中国股市数据进行的实证结果表明,与单测度指标的随机波动性模型相比,基于两个测度指标的随机波动性模型能更好地描述股票市场波动性和市场波动风险.     

预测取代芳烃生物降解性的分子形状及连接性模型

应用分子连接性指数（mXvt）及分子形状指数（mK）分析影响42种取代芳烃在活性污泥中的生化需氧量(BOD),建构了一个5变量的QSBR模型,其可决系数(R)为0.482,估算标准误差为10.706,具有良好的稳健性与预测能力.该模型比片段常数模型(R=0.223)及文献[3]的人工神经网络(ANN)模型(R=0.427)更为精确.     

遥感及Fragstats在土地利用景观格局分析中的应用

以莆田市城厢区为例,应用HJ-1B遥感影像为数据源,利用最大似然法对遥感图像进行土地利用分类并运用Fragstats3.3软件计算景观格局指数,选取斑块大小、分维数、破碎度、蔓延度、均匀度和多样性指数等指标,对研究区土地利用景观空间格局进行了分析,揭示了研究区景观类型相对稳定、森林覆盖率高、景观形状较规则的特点。     

咪唑类ALK5抑制剂活性的神经网络研究

为建立咪唑类ALK5抑制剂活性的QSAR预测模型,分析了61个咪唑类ALK5抑制剂的分子结构与活性的关系;计算了这些抑制剂分子的分子形状指数、电性拓扑状态指数和电性距离矢量;优化筛选了分子形状指数的K_1和K_3,电性拓扑状态指数的E_(19)、E_(21)和E_(24),电性距离矢量的M_(26)、M_(30)和M_(56),共8个参数.将这8个参数作为人工神经网络的输入神经元变量,活性pIC_(50)作为输出神经元变量,采用8∶4∶1的神经网络结构,获得了令人较为满意的神经网络预测模型,模型的总相关系数r为0.956.pIC_(50)的预测值与实验值较为吻合,平均相对误差仅为0.85%.结果表明,本法建构的神经网络模型具有较强的稳健性和良好的预测能力.研究结果可为合成高活性的抗癌新药提供理论指导.     

酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的预测模型

基于拓扑理论计算了16种酚类化合物的分子形状指数(mK)以及原子类型电性拓扑状态指数(En).应用多元线性回归及最佳变量子集方法,建立了这些拓扑指数与酚类化合物对硝化颗粒污泥活性抑制的定量结构-活性相关模型.该模型的传统判定系数R2为0.932,逐一剔除法的交叉验证系数R2cv为0.874,通过R2,F,R2Adj,R2cv,VIF,FIT等检验,证明该模型具有良好的稳健性和预测能力.