广西涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚属种组成及其分布特征

于2007年10月至11月2008年4月至5月采用样条调查法调查广西涠洲岛造礁石珊瑚的属种组成及其分布特征。结果调查得到涠洲岛共有石珊瑚10科22属46种以及9个未定种,西南部、东北部沿岸海域属种较多,有8科13属,珊瑚种群的生物多样性程度较高。涠洲岛活石珊瑚的平均覆盖度以西北部沿岸、东北部沿岸海域较高,东南部、北部、西南部次之,分别为25.3%、24.58%、17.58%、12.1%、8.45%。涠州岛的西南面和东南面沿岸海域长年受到船舶停靠和输运、过度捕捞、大规模挖礁、岸上及海上养殖等人为干扰胁迫,石珊瑚覆盖相对较低。     

涠洲岛园艺式珊瑚苗圃的架设与移植

【目的】探讨涠洲岛不同底质下最适宜的硬珊瑚苗圃架设方法和最佳移植培育种类。【方法】在涠洲岛周边海域砂质、基岩、珊瑚碎屑和礁石等4种不同底质架设固定式(20个)及悬浮式(112个)珊瑚苗圃,移植块状、枝状、叶状等7种硬珊瑚断枝,共2 436个;观测记录苗圃保存情况及珊瑚成活率、珊瑚体积增长率等。【结果】礁石底质海域的苗圃保存程度最高,为70%;其次是珊瑚碎屑海域(北部牛角坑)的苗圃,为57%。铁架式苗圃的平均保存率为63%,是保存程度最好的苗圃形式。经过一年时间的培育,风信子鹿角珊瑚Acropora hyacinthus的成活率为20%~80%,体积增加3.5倍;粗野鹿角珊瑚Acropora humilis成活率为25%~49%,体积增加1.5倍。其他种类珊瑚生长较慢,成活率较低。【结论】铁架式苗圃结构稳固、不易受台风等风暴潮的影响,是涠洲岛最适合的珊瑚苗圃形式。涠洲岛四面环海,珊瑚苗圃应架设在岛屿北部礁石和珊瑚碎屑基底的海域。风信子鹿角珊瑚在一年时间内体积可以增加3倍,且存活率高,是涠洲岛珊瑚礁移植最优先考虑的种类。     

防城港白龙半岛造礁石珊瑚群落的空间分布及特征

为了厘清防城港白龙半岛海域造礁石珊瑚群落分布特征,本研究采用点样线法（Point Intercept Transect,PIT）和样方法于2020年10月对防城港白龙半岛海域造礁石珊瑚群落进行研究。结果表明,该海域造礁石珊瑚群落分布区面积62.1 hm²,根据珊瑚分布的位置,可将其划分3个分布区,其中分布区二面积最大,为54.8 hm²,分布区一和三的面积则分别为2.8,4.5 hm²。鉴定出白龙半岛共有造礁石珊瑚5科8属12种,其中斯氏伯孔珊瑚（Bernardpora stutchburyi）和多孔同星珊瑚（Plesiastrea versipora）为区域优势种;造礁石珊瑚形态主要为表覆状和块状,活珊瑚平均覆盖度为6.6%,平均珊瑚密度为2.12 ind./m²,平均个体大小为170.14 cm²。珊瑚白化率相对较低,平均为0.43%。防城港白龙半岛海域造礁石珊瑚分布面积小,群落种类单一,覆盖度相对较低,尚不成礁。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁健康评估

【目的】科学地判断涠洲岛珊瑚礁的现状,并找出造成目前现状的主要原因,为及时采取有效措施以维持涠洲岛珊瑚礁的健康提供有力依据。【方法】根据历年来有关涠洲岛珊瑚礁生长、演变、环境变化与社会发展的研究成果和最新的调查研究资料,采用HRHPI的指标体系法,从生态结构、生态功能、压力及社会经济等几个特征属性对珊瑚礁健康进行评估。【结果】涠洲岛的自然环境仍适合石珊瑚的生存,石珊瑚的种类丰度仍正常;珊瑚礁的覆盖率降低、分布范围缩小、生物多样性下降,尤其在浅海和局部人为影响大的区域,珊瑚死亡率大于补充率。【结论】涠洲岛的珊瑚礁处于衰退中的亚健康状态。过度捕捞、污染、物理损伤（踩踏、抛锚、水下工程等）和大尺度环境变化（如气候异常）等是造成涠洲岛珊瑚礁衰退的主要原因。     

涠洲岛珊瑚健康及其影响因子分析

根据2007年秋至2008年春间,涠洲岛6条主剖面15条断面的珊瑚和底质覆盖率、珊瑚补充量、死亡指数的一次两阶段的调查数据和同期4个季度月的水环境调查数据,结合以往的研究成果,初步分析了涠洲岛珊瑚健康状况及其影响因子。结果表明,调查断面珊瑚死亡指数平均为40.90%,珊瑚死亡发生于本次调查的两年前;珊瑚有恢复的迹象,但珊瑚补充量小,珊瑚补充量与活珊瑚+死珊瑚覆盖率显著相关(r=0.520,P<0.05);除汞、铅、锌和油类外,涠洲岛珊瑚礁海区水体的理化、生物因子符合一类海水水质标准,大体上呈微营养水平,春季的水体营养指数明显高于其他季节。涠洲岛珊瑚死亡率高和恢复慢,表明珊瑚处于退化中的亚健康状态。     

细说涠洲岛及其珊瑚礁

正涠洲岛位于广西壮族自治区的南部,海岛上生机勃勃、植被茂盛,一派热带风光。涠洲岛的珊瑚礁形成于约7 000年前,石珊瑚千姿百态、造型多样,构建了结构复杂的涠洲岛珊瑚礁群落,也孕育了生机勃勃的海底生物世界。从北海市国际客运港码头乘高速喷射船向南,在碧蓝的大海上航行约70分钟后便可到达20多海里(1海里=1.852千米)外中国十大最美海岛之一的涠洲岛。涠洲岛南北长约6.5千米,东西宽约6千米,面积约25平方千米,与其东南9海里外的斜阳岛为广西北部湾内仅有的两座     

涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁的沉积特征

涠洲岛珊瑚岸礁发育根基于火山岩,除了冬、春的低温影响外,环境因素是适合于珊瑚生长的。在岸礁区有两个沉积带:珊瑚生成带和火山岩海底礁坪。陆地的有机废物移到海底而珊瑚移到陆地,但在水能和环境的影响下,它们形成混合沉积,这种沉积主要分布在岸礁的平面和海滩底部。由于属于岸礁形成早期,涠洲岛约从3100年前就一直不断生长,涠洲岛的海滩岩石位于高于海平面5米的位置。     

涠洲岛珊瑚礁特点、演变及保护与修复对策的思考

涠洲岛珊瑚礁最早形成于约7 000年前的末次海侵,是中国大陆沿海成礁珊瑚分布最北缘的典型边缘珊瑚礁（Marginal Coral Reefs）,与区域内其他珊瑚礁缺少生态关联,其特征不同于热带珊瑚礁,即块状珊瑚占优势。20多年来,涠洲岛珊瑚礁持续退化,枝状珊瑚大量死亡,石珊瑚盖度急剧降低,反映珊瑚礁良好状况的指标生物如鹦嘴鱼、蝴蝶鱼等的数量大幅减少。近10年来,珊瑚虽未出现异常死亡现象,但珊瑚自然修复不明显,表明珊瑚补充不足。功能性植食性鱼类的缺乏,显示珊瑚礁恢复力不足。涠洲岛珊瑚礁国家级海洋公园的建立,体现了保护涠洲岛珊瑚礁的政治意愿。只有恢复鹦嘴鱼等功能性植食性鱼类的数量,才能恢复和增强珊瑚礁固有恢复力,进而促进涠洲岛珊瑚礁的自然恢复。人为修复可采取移植珊瑚断枝的方式,并以实现生态、经济和社会增益为目标,构建能应对人为干预且能持续演化的珊瑚礁。     

涠洲岛柳珊瑚的激光拉曼光谱特征

用激光拉曼光谱仪分析了从广西涠洲岛采集的柳珊瑚,并对其拉曼光谱图进行分类归属和解析.根据光谱结果,涠洲岛柳珊瑚可分成两类:一类在1006cm-1、1111cm-1、1501cm-1呈现峰值,认定为类胡萝卜素光谱特征;另一类在714cm-1、1086 cm-1呈现峰值,认定为方解石光谱特征.     

涠洲岛珊瑚骨骼重金属水平及其生物富集效应

前人研究表明珊瑚骨骼中重金属元素的含量能有效指示其生存的海水环境状况。本文在涠洲岛海域的6个站位采集了3种18个珊瑚样品,室内测试了这些珊瑚样品的5类重金属元素(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr)的含量,进而探讨了涠洲岛海域的重金属状况。结果表明:(1)除Cu含量存在显著的珊瑚种间差异外,其余4种重金属元素没有明显的种间差异性;(2)与其他区域珊瑚骨骼重金属含量相比较,涠洲岛珊瑚的Cu、Pb、Cd、Cr的含量相对较低,但Zn的含量相对较高;(3)涠洲岛西岸海域的重金属元素含量高于东岸,这与当地的石油开采平台、船舶运输以及岛上石油终端处理厂的活动有关;(4)珊瑚骨骼对这5种重金属元素的的富集存在一定的种间差异,如帛琉蜂巢珊瑚对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的富集作用最强,十字牡丹珊瑚则对Pb的生物富集作用最强。     

Estimate of carbonate production by scleractinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, China

Carbonate production by scleractinian corals not only maintains coral reef growth, but also represents an important source of atmospheric carbon dioxide. In this paper the carbonate production by scler-actinian corals at Luhuitou fringing reef, Sanya, Hainan Island, China, is investigated with an ecological census-based method. Averaged carbonate production is 1.16 ± 0.55 kg·m-2·a-1 and 3.52 ± 1.32 kg·m-2·a-1 on the reef flat and reef slope, respectively, depending on the composition and distribution of cor...     

Twenty-five years of change in scleractinian coral communities of Daya Bay （northern South China Sea） and its response to the 2008 AD extreme cold climate event

Coral reefs worldwide are becoming increasingly and detrimentally impacted upon by a variety of factors including significant climate changes, such as global warming and increased El Nino-Southern Oscillation activity. Generally, the persistence of coral reefs, especially at low-latitudes, is governed, in part, by sea surface temperatures not exceeding the critical limit （-30℃） at which mass mortality can occur. Thus, it is thought that corals living at high-latitudes （i.e., currently cooler sea surface temperatures） will likely respond more favourably to hypothesized future temperature increases than corals living at low-latitudes （i.e., currently warmer sea surface temperatures）. Consequently, high-latitude coral communities may have the potential to act as regions of refugia for many coral species in the face of potential future global warming. The Daya Bay （22°31′--22°50′N）, northern South China Sea, contains several high-latitude non-reefal coral communities and represents one of the most northerly distributions of scleractinian corals within the region. Significantly, Daya Bay has experienced dramatic warming in both air and sea surface temperatures throughout the past 50 years. In this paper, we analyze 25 years of change in the Daya Bay coral communities, based both on historic surveys and our latest 2006--2008 regional ecological surveys. Our results suggest that, contrary to predictions, there have been significant declines in coral cover within the Daya Bay during the past 25 years （i.e., 76.6% coral cover in 1983/1984 to only 15.3% coral cover by 2008）. Such changes also reflect a significant shift in the most abundant coral species, from Acropora pruinosa to Favites abdita. Most of the modern coral communities became established between 15 and 30 years ago, corresponding to a period of increased winter sea surface temperature. However, very few colonies have become established within the last 15 years, despite a more intense period of warming. By taking into account additional factors, we hypothesize that direct anthropogenic impacts, rather than climatic events, have both restricted the development, and drove the decline, of Daya Bay coral communities in the last 15 years. The Daya Bay has also been subjected to occasional extreme cold events during the past 50 years, with the most recent occurring in early 2008 （13 January-13 February）. During the 2008 cold event, the lowest air temperature reaches only 6.6℃, and the mean sea surface temperature for February fall to 〈 14℃, including six continuous days at 12.3℃. Significantly, the sea surface temperatures fall below the hypothesized critical lower temperature threshold （-13℃） that commonly leads to mass mortality in scleractinian coral communities. Surprisingly, our coral community surveys, conducted both before （August 2007） and after （late February 2008） the extreme 2008 cold event, demonstrate that the Daya Bay coral ecosystems are barely impacted upon during the cold period. Those observations suggest that the Daya Bay scleractinian coral communities have developed adaptations to low sea surface temperatures. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that high-latitude coral communities, such as Daya Bay, have the potential to act as areas of refugia for scleractinian corals in the advent of potential future global warming.     

北部湾涠洲岛珊瑚礁的研究现状及展望

综述涠洲岛珊瑚礁生态环境条件、珊瑚礁分布与优势种组成、珊瑚礁地貌与沉积以及珊瑚礁区浮游生物等方面的研究进展,提出今后对涠洲岛珊瑚礁的研究应重点围绕珊瑚礁生态学、珊瑚礁记录的古环境以及珊瑚礁资源开发与保护等方面进行。     

涠洲岛湿地对鸻鹬类水鸟的承载力评估

【目的】评估候鸟迁徙季节涠洲岛湿地对鸻鹬类水鸟的承载力。【方法】调查监测候鸟迁徙季节涠洲岛湿地生物量和鸻鹬类水鸟群落,由水生生物热量和鸻鹬类群落的综合代谢率估算涠洲岛湿地食物量对鸻鹬类水鸟的承载力。【结果】鸻鹬类水鸟在涠洲岛的觅食地面积为158.54hm~2,包括库塘面积40.58hm~2,沼泽面积69.56hm~2以及涠洲岛东岸潮间带面积48.40hm~2。鸻鹬类群落由35种鸟类组成,涠洲岛湿地对鸻鹬鸟类春秋季承载力分别为874~1 236只和1 001~1 302只。觅食地承载力密度(只/hm~2)春季库塘10.7沼泽5.6潮间带4.8,秋季沼泽6.8库塘4.3潮间带3.6。淡水湿地密度高于潮间带密度。1990年以来潮间带觅食地面积损失了86%,单位面积平均生物量下降了55%。【结论】湿地面积、水生生物丰度影响涠洲岛湿地对鸻鹬类的承载力,修复湿地可提高承载力。     

涠洲岛西面及西南面沉积物重金属污染分析

【目的】研究广西涠洲岛海域沉积物污染情况并进行分析与评价。【方法】通过分析2014年涠洲岛沉积物重金属元素Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr含量水平,运用单因子评价法、潜在生态风险指数法和地累积指数法进行污染程度评价。【结果】涠洲岛西面及西南面海域沉积物重金属含量均值从小到大依次为CdCuPbCrZn,分别对应未检出、3.02 mg·kg~(-1)、3.19 mg·kg~(-1)、6.47 mg·kg~(-1)、10.10 mg·kg~(-1),含量范围分别为未检出、0.95~8.29mg·kg~(-1)、2.68~4.07mg·kg~(-1)、1.81~18.46mg·kg~(-1)、ND~34.59mg·kg~(-1)。重金属污染程度属于"低水平",单个及多种重金属生态风险分级均为"轻微",其中Cu是引发生态风险的主要元素,地累积指数亦表明该海域各重金属污染程度均为0级。【结论】总体来说,涠洲岛西面及西南面海域沉积物重金属含量与污染程度较广西沿海其他海域低,仍属清洁水平。     

Assessment of coral bleaching using symbiotic zooxanthellae density and satellite remote sensing data in the Nansha Islands,South China Sea

Coral bleaching,characterized by a significant loss of symbiotic zooxanthellae,is the primary cause of mass coral mortality and reef degradation throughout the world.The characteristics,processes,and resistance of corals to bleaching varies significantly and is dependent on environmental conditions.We documented a mass coral bleaching event in June 2007 at the Meiji and Zhubi Reefs,Nansha Islands (NS),South China Sea using ecological surveys and measurement of coral zooxanthellae density and sea surface temperatures (SST).More than 35 species of corals (between 0-20 m in depth) were bleached.These bleached corals accounted for 15.6% of total corals in the investigated quadrats.The branching corals Pocillopora and Acropora were the most vulnerable species whereas the massive corals Porites and Favia were more tolerant of the high SSTs.Surprisingly,we found no evidence of bleaching in Agariciidae corals suggesting that this family is resistant to thermal stresses.The bleached corals had lost 72%-90% of their symbiotic zooxanthellae.Furthermore,corals that had no visual signs of bleaching had also lost 31%-53% of their zooxanthellae suggesting that most corals were experiencing the early stage of bleaching.The monthly mean SST during June 2007 was 30.8°C,the highest since 1998.Based on measurements of SST and the Hotspots and DHW data (NOAA),we conclude that it the extremely high SSTs triggered this coral bleaching event.Our results suggest that the previously accepted temperature thresholds used to predict coral bleaching based on satellite data are likely to underestimate the extent and intensity of coral bleaching,at least in the NS.