生物素-链霉亲和素系统压电传感实时响应特性研究

生物素与链霉亲和素之间具有高度亲合力和高度特异性,将其用于压电传感研究,反映出了生物素-链霉亲和素系统的压电传感实时响应特性.分别讨论了体系pH对生物素与链霉亲和素吸附行为的影响,链霉亲和素包被浓度、包被时间、结合反应时间等因素对生物素-链霉亲和素结合实验的影响以及结合反应的特征.结果表明,pH=7.4时以100 μg/mL链霉亲和素包被8 h后效果最好;结合反应中,生物素的浓度在0.11～1.65μg/mL范围内,传感器的响应频率值与溶液浓度成线性关系.     

自制核心链霉亲和素的性质

在实验室分离和纯化链霉亲和素的基础上对其性质进行了鉴定．在SDS-PAGE中链霉亲和素只有一条带，单体的分子量为14500Da，链霉亲和素的相对分子量约为58000Da；其等电点为5．9～6．2；结合生物素的活性为15．7U／mg．结果表明自制链霉亲和素为核心链霉亲和素，在纯度、活性等方面达到了理想的效果．     

玉叶金花(Mussaenda pubescens)SSR引物的快速开发

利用链亲和素磁珠吸附法捕捉能与生物素标记的探针(AC)15退火结合的玉叶金花(Mussaenda pu-bescens)微卫星序列的单链限制性酶切片段.获得的单链目的片段,经PCR扩增形成双链,然后克隆到pGEMT载体上,转化至DH5α中,得到一个微卫星序列文库.经测序统计,引物得率为12.5%;根据序列设计的SSR两侧引物PL和PR,共得到5对有多态性的SSR引物.玉叶金花微卫星引物的筛选将为下一步进行玉叶金花基因组结构的分析、分子进化和系统发育研究提供重要的微卫星标记.     

鳜鱼基因组(AC)n微卫星富集文库的构建与鉴定

鳜鱼基因组DNA经MseI酶切后,与MseI接头连接,用链霉素和素磁珠亲和捕捉与生物素标记的微卫星寡核苷酸探针(CA)8杂交,杂交复合物通过变性洗脱获得单链目的片段,经PCR扩增形成双链,然后克隆到pGEM-T 载体上,转化至大肠杆菌DH5α中,首次成功构建鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)基因组(AC)n重复类型的微卫星富集文库.测序结果表明,阳性克隆率为60%,说明构建的鳜鱼基因组微卫星富集文库是一个高质量的文库.鳜鱼富集微卫星文库的建立将为下一步进行鳜鱼微卫星标记的筛选提供了有效的工具.     

利用生物信息学数据及工具合成表达链霉亲和素基因

目的:人工合成表达链霉亲和素基因,制备链霉亲和素磁珠复合物用于核酸分离.方法:利用NCBI、BCM等提供的生物信息及软件工具,将链霉亲和素蛋白的基因进行密码子优化,并分割成互为重叠的小片段寡聚核苷酸链,采用化学和酶促合成相结合的方法合成编码链霉亲和素蛋白基因.将纯化的链霉亲和素通过偶联剂与带羧基的磁粒共价结合,用于快速...     

表面等离子体共振免疫传感的放大检测研究

表面等离子体共振免疫传感器是一类相对新型的免疫检测技术。将链霉亲和素-生物素系统用于表面等离子体共振免疫传感的信号放大,实时检测了人免疫球蛋白G(hIgG)的蛋白浓度。发生免疫反应的传感片和生物素化抗体反应后,传感片表面的一层生物素分子随后与链霉亲和素-生物素化抗体复合物中的链霉亲和素的活性位点发生亲和反应,从而使传感片表面特异健合的物质质量显著增加,大大提高了免疫检测的灵敏度和检测限。免疫反应经放大后,可检测0.005～10μg/mL浓度区间内的hIgG。     

α-硫辛酸-(8-生物素酰胺基-3,6-二氧辛基)酰胺的合成

选择α-硫辛酸、长醚链二胺、生物素为主要原料,合成了α-硫辛酸-(8-生物素酰胺基-3,6-二氧辛基)酰胺;并用1HNMR、GC-MS、IR等对中间体及目标产物的分子结构进行了表征.通过改变生物素分子中的侧链部分,可合成不同种类的生物素衍生物,增加了生物素-亲合素/链霉亲合素/中性亲合素自组装膜体系的材料的种类和应用.     

基于G-四链体-氯血红素DNA酶的传感器对血清中甲胎蛋白的检测

建立了一种夹心式用于检测血清中甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)的新型传感器。利用微孔板表面羧基与抗体表面的氨基之间的相互作用,将AFP的单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibodies,McAbs)修饰到微孔板的表面;再利用抗体抗原的定向固定效应,将AFP键合到McAbs的表面,接着将生物素标记的AFP单克隆抗体(biotinylated McAbs)与AFP结合;最后,利用链霉亲和素(streptavidin,SA)与生物素的特异性结合作用,将G-四链体-氯血红素DNA酶键合到生物素标记的单克隆抗体上,从而制得高灵度、高特异性的AFP传感器。用2,2-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)-H2O2体系检测AFP的浓度,信号值与AFP的浓度在0.05 ng·mL-1至20 ng·mL-1之间成线性关系,检测限为0.02 ng·mL-1。此传感器可应用于血清中AFP的检测。     

运用SELEX技术筛选嗜水气单胞菌适配子

以嗜水气单胞菌为研究对象,采用适体筛选技术(SELEX,system evolution of ligands by expo-nential enrichment),利用体外合成的长度为78个核苷酸的随机ssDNA文库,以嗜水气单胞菌为靶目标进行12轮的筛选,利用生物素-抗地高辛碱性磷酸酶显色系统检测DNA适配子与嗜水气单胞菌的亲和力.研究结果表明:随着筛选轮数的增加,DNA适配子与嗜水气单胞菌结合后显色,A(absorbance)值逐渐增加,亲和力由最初的0.32升到第9轮的0.72.研究已初步筛选到与嗜水气单胞菌具有高亲和力的DNA适配子,为嗜水气单胞菌的二级结构研究及其检测试剂盒的研发提供了基础.     

中药植物玉竹微卫星标记的筛选及遗传多样性分析

利用磁珠富集法构建玉竹的微卫星文库,用筛选出的微卫星引物对玉竹样品进行遗传多样性分析。根据链亲和素磁珠和生物素特异结合的特性,用3’端生物素标记的探针与两端连接已知序列人工接头的玉竹基因组DNA酶切片段杂交,杂交复合物结合到包被有链亲和素的磁珠上,洗脱并收集吸附在磁珠上的含有微卫星的片段。经过克隆和测序,再根据微卫星两侧的保守序列设计引物,最后利用从中筛选出的微卫星引物对玉竹种群进行遗传学分析。从基因组微卫星富集文库中分离出9个多态微卫星位点,来自3个玉竹种群的40个个体的多态性显示,每个位点的等位基因数从3到6个不等,观察杂合度范围为0000～0.875,预期杂合度范围为0.520～0.760,多态信息含量范围为0.066～0.687。9个多态位点经哈温平衡检测结果显示有5个位点符合哈迪-温伯格(Hardy-Weinberg)平衡,其余4个位点显著偏离哈温平衡(P0.05)。这可能是存在无效等位基因和或近亲繁殖效应的结果,鉴定出的微卫星遗传标记可以在玉竹的遗传多样性和种群遗传结构的评价中具有潜在的应用价值。     

Single-molecule imaging of DNA pairing by RecA reveals a three-dimensional homology search

DNA breaks can be repaired with high fidelity by homologous recombination. A ubiquitous protein that is essential for this DNA template-directed repair is RecA. After resection of broken DNA to produce single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), RecA assembles on this ssDNA into a filament with the unique capacity to search and find DNA sequences in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) that are homologous to the ssDNA. This homology search is vital to recombinational DNA repair, and results in homologous pairing and exchange of DNA strands. Homologous pairing involves DNA sequence-specific target location by the RecA-ssDNA complex. Despite decades of study, the mechanism of this enigmatic search process remains unknown. RecA is a DNA-dependent ATPase, but ATP hydrolysis is not required for DNA pairing and strand exchange, eliminating active search processes. Using dual optical trapping to manipulate DNA, and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to image DNA pairing, we demonstrate that both the three-dimensional conformational state of the dsDNA target and the length of the homologous RecA-ssDNA filament have important roles in the homology search. We discovered that as the end-to-end distance of the target dsDNA molecule is increased, constraining the available three-dimensional (3D) conformations of the molecule, the rate of homologous pairing decreases. Conversely, when the length of the ssDNA in the nucleoprotein filament is increased, homology is found faster. We propose a model for the DNA homology search process termed 'intersegmental contact sampling', in which the intrinsic multivalent nature of the RecA nucleoprotein filament is used to search DNA sequence space within 3D domains of DNA, exploiting multiple weak contacts to rapidly search for homology. Our findings highlight the importance of the 3D conformational dynamics of DNA, reveal a previously unknown facet of the homology search, and provide insight into the mechanism of DNA target location by this member of a universal family of proteins.     

The BRCA2 homologue Brh2 nucleates RAD51 filament formation at a dsDNA-ssDNA junction

The BRCA2 tumour suppressor is essential for the error-free repair of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA by homologous recombination. This is mediated by RAD51, which forms a nucleoprotein filament with the 3' overhanging single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) of the resected DSB, searches for a homologous donor sequence, and catalyses strand exchange with the donor DNA. The 3,418-amino-acid BRCA2 contains eight approximately 30-amino-acid BRC repeats that bind RAD51 (refs 5, 6) and a approximately 700-amino-acid DBD domain that binds ssDNA. The isolated BRC and DBD domains have the opposing effects of inhibiting and stimulating recombination, respectively, and the role of BRCA2 in repair has been unclear. Here we show that a full-length BRCA2 homologue (Brh2) stimulates Rad51-mediated recombination at substoichiometric concentrations relative to Rad51. Brh2 recruits Rad51 to DNA and facilitates the nucleation of the filament, which is then elongated by the pool of free Rad51. Brh2 acts preferentially at a junction between double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and ssDNA, with strict specificity for the 3' overhang polarity of a resected DSB. These results establish a BRCA2 function in RAD51-mediated DSB repair and explain the loss of this repair capacity in BRCA2-associated cancers.     

Crystal structures of DNA/RNA repair enzymes AlkB and ABH2 bound to dsDNA

Escherichia coli AlkB and its human homologues ABH2 and ABH3 repair DNA/RNA base lesions by using a direct oxidative dealkylation mechanism. ABH2 has the primary role of guarding mammalian genomes against 1-meA damage by repairing this lesion in double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), whereas AlkB and ABH3 preferentially repair single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) lesions and can repair damaged bases in RNA. Here we show the first crystal structures of AlkB-dsDNA and ABH2-dsDNA complexes, stabilized by a chemical cross-linking strategy. This study reveals that AlkB uses an unprecedented base-flipping mechanism to access the damaged base: it squeezes together the two bases flanking the flipped-out one to maintain the base stack, explaining the preference of AlkB for repairing ssDNA lesions over dsDNA ones. In addition, the first crystal structure of ABH2, presented here, provides a structural basis for designing inhibitors of this human DNA repair protein.     

过氧化氢酶在DNA修饰的热解石墨电极上的直接电子转移

通过将单、双螺旋的小牛胸腺DNA膜修饰在热解石墨电极上,研究了过氧化氢酶的直接伏安和电催化性质.结果表明过氧化氢酶(Cat)-DNA膜上显示出一对很好的几乎可逆的循环伏安峰,在50 mmol·L,pH为7.0磷酸缓冲溶液中,扫描速度为0.1 V·s-1情况下,单、双螺旋DNA膜上,其式电位分别为-0.223 V和-0.209V,其还原和氧化电子传递速率常数值分别为ks,red=21.0 s-1;ks,ox=33.0 s-1和ks,Red=13.5 s-1;ks,ox=13.3 s-1.在pH为3.81～7.72的范围内,Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)电对的还原电位随pH呈线性变化,表明一电子的转移伴有一质子的耦合.另外从紫外可见吸收光谱可见,在中性pH条件下,过氧化氢酶在DNA膜中保持了原有的结构不变.此外,我们还研究得到在DNA膜中过氧化氢酶保持了对过氧化氢的催化活性,并提出了可能的催化机制.     

The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation

Antibodies, which are produced by B-lineage cells, consist of immunoglobulin heavy (IgH) and light (IgL) chains that have amino-terminal variable regions and carboxy-terminal constant regions. In response to antigens, B cells undergo two types of genomic alterations to increase antibody diversity. Affinity for antigen can be increased by introduction of point mutations into IgH and IgL variable regions by somatic hypermutation. In addition, antibody effector functions can be altered by changing the expressed IgH constant region exons through IgH class switch recombination (CSR). Somatic hypermutation and CSR both require the B-cell-specific activation-induced cytidine deaminase protein (AID), which initiates these reactions through its single-stranded (ss)DNA-specific cytidine deaminase activity. In biochemical assays, replication protein A (RPA), a ssDNA-binding protein, associates with phosphorylated AID from activated B cells and enhances AID activity on transcribed double-stranded (ds)DNA containing somatic hypermutation or CSR target sequences. This AID-RPA association, which requires phosphorylation, may provide a mechanism for allowing AID to access dsDNA targets in activated B cells. Here we show that AID from B cells is phosphorylated on a consensus protein kinase A (PKA) site and that PKA is the physiological AID kinase. Thus, AID from non-lymphoid cells can be functionally phosphorylated by recombinant PKA to allow interaction with RPA and promote deamination of transcribed dsDNA substrates. Moreover, mutation of the major PKA phosphorylation site of AID preserves ssDNA deamination activity, but markedly reduces RPA-dependent dsDNA deamination activity and severely impairs the ability of AID to effect CSR in vivo. We conclude that PKA has a critical role in post-translational regulation of AID activity in B cells.     

小鼠噬菌体抗体库的构建和N-肽结合单链抗体的筛选

成功构建一库容量为1.7×10⁸的小鼠噬菌体抗体库,并从中淘选出对N-肽有结合活性的单链抗体。首先从未免疫小鼠的脾脏中提取总RNA,分离出mRNA,经逆转录合成其总cDNA。随后通过PCR分别扩增出抗体重链和轻链可变区V_H、V_L的基因片断,再经重组PCR将两片断由一编码(Gly₄Ser)₃十五肽的接头连在一起,并克隆到噬菌质粒pCANTAB 5E中,电击转化大肠杆菌TG1。经辅助噬菌体M13KO7超感染回收全部重组噬菌体,此即噬菌体抗体库。N-肽是一种新发现的神经肽,其N端与阿片肽高度同源,可与阿片肽受体相互作用。对其研究可能有助于了解成瘾机制和有临床应用价值。将生物素化的N-肽与抗体库相互作用,用偶联有链霉亲和素的磁珠富集与N-肽结合的重组噬菌体,经四轮淘选,得到亲和力较高的单链抗体。     

劳氏紫在DNA修饰的金电极上的电化学行为

使用循环伏安和交流阻抗技术研究了劳氏紫在纳米金和单双链DNA修饰的金电极表面的电化学行为．劳氏紫在纳米金和DNA修饰的金电极表面显示了良好的氧化还原电特性．纳米金在金电极表面的修饰改善了劳氏紫的氧化还原特性．循环伏安结果显示劳氏紫和双链DNA的作用比和单链DNA的作用更强,其结果使电位发生更大的正移并使氧化还原峰电流有所增大．劳氏紫和双链DNA的这种相互作用对于基因药物的设计有重要的意义．这种作用也被交流阻抗研究结果所证实．     

DNA helicase Srs2 disrupts the Rad51 presynaptic filament

Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene SRS2 result in the yeast's sensitivity to genotoxic agents, failure to recover or adapt from DNA damage checkpoint-mediated cell cycle arrest, slow growth, chromosome loss, and hyper-recombination. Furthermore, double mutant strains, with mutations in DNA helicase genes SRS2 and SGS1, show low viability that can be overcome by inactivating recombination, implying that untimely recombination is the cause of growth impairment. Here we clarify the role of SRS2 in recombination modulation by purifying its encoded product and examining its interactions with the Rad51 recombinase. Srs2 has a robust ATPase activity that is dependent on single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and binds Rad51, but the addition of a catalytic quantity of Srs2 to Rad51-mediated recombination reactions causes severe inhibition of these reactions. We show that Srs2 acts by dislodging Rad51 from ssDNA. Thus, the attenuation of recombination efficiency by Srs2 stems primarily from its ability to dismantle the Rad51 presynaptic filament efficiently. Our findings have implications for the basis of Bloom's and Werner's syndromes, which are caused by mutations in DNA helicases and are characterized by increased frequencies of recombination and a predisposition to cancers and accelerated ageing.