盐穴地下储气库在我国的发展动力和趋势

本文从天然气产业发展的角度，分析了天然气生产、运输和市场对大型地下储气库存储设施的需求动力，根据不同类型地下储气库的运行特点，分析了未来10至20年盐穴地下储气库在我国的发展趋势。通过分析，我们能很清楚的看到大容量和高注采速率的盐穴地下储气库在我国南方地区的需求将会持续增加，但由于其建设周期较长，与当地盐化工产业的发展紧密相关，一般应提前3至5年先于管道工程建设，才能与管道系统的投产和运行紧密衔接，保证管道系统的调峰和安全运行，提高管道系统的运行效率和经济效益。     

东营地区地下储气库建设可行性研究

东营地区夏季天然气气量过剩使资源无法做到优化利用,而冬季气量缺乏形成市场供需缺口,随着城市的发展这种不平衡现象日益突出。针对以上现象,提出建立地下储气库储存天然气,协调天然气供求关系,提高经济效益。建立地下储气库存储天然气,可以用作季节用气调峰,改善季节供需不平衡现象;能够有效应对突发事件;降低管道投资,提高工程效益。本文介绍了东营地区天然气资源的使用概况,提出地下储气库建设的必要性、可行性及储气库可操作性、保供性和创效性,以实现良好的社会效益及经济效益。     

盐穴地下储气库库址地质评价与建库区优选

盐穴地下储气库具有注采率高、短期吞吐量大、垫层气量低并可完全回收等优点。随着中国天然气工业的不
断发展,更多的盐穴地下储气库将建成并投入运行,在天然气储备与调峰中发挥重要作用。中国天然气地下储气库建
设相对滞后,目前已建成投产的盐穴储气库只有1 座,尚未形成系统的盐穴储气库库址评价优选及方法,严重制约了
中国盐穴储气库的发展建设。以金坛储气库为例,从构造特征、盐层发育情况、盐层埋深、盐层厚度、盐岩品位、盖层
性质及厚度、密封性等方面,系统、定量的阐述盐穴地下储气库库址的优选评价指标,旨在为中国盐穴储气库库址的优
选和评价提供可行方法和理论依据,对中国盐穴储气库的建设和发展具有深远的战略意义。     

多周期交变载荷工况下地下储气库密封性评价

随着我国引进天然气资源的高速增长,在中亚管道投运的基础上,中俄西线天然气管道建设加快提速,急需寻找建设特大规模型地下储气库保障进口天然气供需平稳安全运行。克拉2气田是西气东输一线的气源地,距离中亚、中俄西线管线中国口岸较近,改建储气库将在季节调峰、安全平稳保供和战略储备方面发挥重要作用。为了讨论克拉2改建储气库的密封性,从盖层、断层、裂缝、溢出点、储层底板和井的完整性等方面,通过考虑逆断层的活动情况,使用断面正应力的最小值评价断层的密封性,将储层底板密封性和井的完整性纳入储气库评价体系,形成了考虑原始圈闭、钻采工程和多周期交变载荷工况下的储气库密封性评价体系。认为克拉2气田通过调整开发政策在开发末期改建为地下储气库可行,为改建储气库提供依据。     

国外枯竭气藏型储气库重大事故经验与启示

目前,中国正处于天然气地下储气库建设的初级阶段,在事故预防、应急与处理等方面经验存在不足。为此,开展了国外地下储气库泄漏事故调研,统计了地下储气库发生事故概率,并分析了主要原因及其危害,以期指导中国储气库安全平稳运行。研究结果表明,气藏型地下储气库发生事故概率最高,危害性最大;主要事故类型包括地面设施损坏、圈闭密封性破坏及井筒完整性失效3种。按照事故发生频次分别为地面设施、圈闭、井筒;按事故危害程度分别为圈闭、井筒、地面设施。在重点剖析了国外气藏型储气库典型泄漏案例后分析认为,应重视储气库圈闭密封性的动态监测;选址评价时应重点开展断裂与老井密封性评价。最后,结合中国储气库建设发展现状,提出了5点建议以期为中国地下储气库高效建设、安全运行提供重要保障。     

高杂质盐矿已有溶腔大规模储气技术研究进展

加快建设大型地下盐穴储气库是保障我国能源安全的迫切需求,但在现有的盐岩储库建设标准和技术体系下,我国高杂质盐矿水溶开采形成的溶腔难以用于建设大型地下储气库。为摆脱这一困境,在广泛调研我国盐矿地质和水溶采矿特点的基础上,综合采用水溶采矿理论分析和现场声纳探测等研究手段,摸清高杂质盐矿采卤溶腔的三维形态,研究发现盐矿不溶物沉渣堆积散体的空隙率高且连通性良好,具备大规模储气的基本条件。基于这些发现提出了从溶腔底部排出空隙卤水的新思路,进而形成了高杂质盐矿已有溶腔改建大型地下储气库的技术体系。相关理论和技术成果突破了盐矿品位对建库可行性的限制,建库可选范围及建库规模扩大数倍,可为天然气储存及压缩空气储能等能源储备工程提供重要参考。     

新疆呼图壁地下储气库建设及运行

新疆呼图壁地下储气库是西气东输二线首个大型储气库,目的是满足天然气调峰、事故应急和战略储备。根据呼图壁储气库基本情况和储气库建设前期论证、方案编制、工程建设、运行管理等多个阶段的历程及工作开展情况,在工程建设阶段,重点介绍了新井钻、完井和老井封堵等。储气库投运后,如何持续推进储气库精细管理工作。     

储气库的储量估算

在设计地下储气库时,储气库的储气量是设计工程师们考虑的重要因素之一。在现有气藏的理论指导下,针对计算储气库的动态储量的方法（物质平衡法、产量递减分析法、不稳定试井分析法等）所存在的局限性,提出了一种适用一般情况的新方法：首先从分析储气库中盖层的岩石应力出发,计算出岩石的破裂压力（即为储气库储存天然气时的极限压力）,而储气库的最大储气压力是极限压力的0.7~0.8倍,从而确定储气库的最大储量以及储气库的动态储量,并以实例验证该方法的可行性,为确定储气库的储量提供了一种新思路。     

我国盐岩储气库发展必要性浅析

本文从我国能源的现状出发,结合国内外能源储备的现状,阐述了我国发展能源储气库的必要性和紧迫性.通过国内外对盐岩储气库研究和应用现状的分析,对我国发展岩盐储气库的建设提出了意见和建议,对工程实际具有一定的指导意义.     

考虑裂缝变形的地下储气库数值模拟研究

在WarrenRoot双孔模型的基础上,考虑了枯竭裂缝性油藏型储气库运行过程中,压力反复升降使介质发生不完全可逆变形对储气库孔隙度和渗透率的影响,建立考虑介质变形的枯竭裂缝性油藏型地下储气库的数学模型,应用该模型进行了实例计算。算例分析表明：随储气库运行时间的增加,考虑变形的储气库压力和注气井井底流压逐渐升高、孔隙度和渗透率逐渐降低;而未考虑变形的储气库压力在一定范围内波动,注气末井底流压基本保持不变;在模拟储气库运行4年后,考虑变形计算的储气库压力比未考虑变形储气库压力高1.2MPa,注气井井底流压高2.96MPa,孔隙度是原始孔隙度的0.96,渗透率是原始渗透率的0.87,由此可见裂缝性油气藏型地下储气库的地层变形不能忽略,建议在天然气地下储气库矿场应用和理论研究时考虑裂缝变形对储气库的影响。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.     

Tracking data management using topology of moving object database system for moving object constrained trajectory in LBS application

Advances in wireless technologies and positioning technologies and spread of wireless devices, an interest in LBS (Location Based Service) is arising. To provide location based service, tracking data should have been stored in moving object database management system (called MODBMS) with proper policies and managed efficiently. So the methods which acquire the location information at regular time intervals then, store and manage have been studied. In this paper, we suggest tracking data management techniques using topology that is corresponding to the moving path of moving object. In our techniques, we update the MODBMS when moving object arrived at a street intersection or a curved road which is represented as the node in topology and predict the location at past and future with attribute of topology and linear function. In this technique, location data that are corresponding to the node in topology are stored, thus reduce the number of update and amount of data. Also in case predicting the location,because topology are used as well as existing location information, accuracy for prediction is increased than applying linear function or spline function.