化工设备中不锈钢容器腐蚀及防护措施

本文介绍了不锈钢的晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀的条件、特征及防护措施。     

氮对奥氏体不锈钢在高温水中应力腐蚀的影响

本试验采用了EPR电化学方法及金相分析法,研究了不同含氮量的奥氏体不锈钢抗晶间腐蚀的性能;采用了缓慢应变速率试验方法,研究了其抗应力腐蚀性能,并通过扫描电子显微镜及透射电子显微镜,进行了断口形貌及位错结构分析,系统地了解了氮在304奥氏体不锈钢中具有阻滞敏化而提高抗应力腐蚀的性能及在高温水中缓蚀应力腐蚀的作用。试验证明,当含氮量为0.16％时,奥氏体不锈钢具有最佳的抗应力腐蚀、抗晶间腐蚀及强度、塑性等综合性能。     

化工容器腐蚀与防护

本文以化工设备中的常用容器——不锈钢容器为研究对象,对其晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀进行了介绍,并对其防护策略进行了总结分析。     

醋酸介质中T-403塔不锈钢填料腐蚀机理研究

某化工厂PTA装置氧化单元系统中铁离子含量增高，已影响到氧化反应效果，严重威胁稳定生产，分析认为铁离子主要来自T-403溶剂回收塔316L不锈钢填料的腐蚀．利用扫描电镜、电子探针、金相显微镜等现代物理和化学分析检测手段，观察了从T-403塔取出填料的微观形貌，测试分析了所用填料的主要化学成分及元素分布，对比了未使用和已腐蚀填料的金相显微结构、力学性能变化，研究分析了不锈钢填料的腐蚀机理．实验结果表明：不锈钢填料发生了严重的局部腐蚀，腐蚀形态为晶间腐蚀和小孔腐蚀．填料发生腐蚀后，强度和硬度明显降低．测试分析结果证明，贫铬导致晶间腐蚀，Br以及不锈钢钝化膜局部破损造成蚀孔．原填料质量存在问题，不锈钢填料的含碳量未达到超低碳316L不锈钢的标准．     

乙二醇不锈钢蒸发器晶间应力腐蚀的试验研究

采用一种新型的试样加载方式模拟乙二醇蒸发器不锈钢材料焊接接头附近的应力，通过硫酸一硫酸铜腐蚀实验和金相分析对1Cr18Ni9Ti和SAF22052种不锈钢材料在应力状态下，焊态与敏化状态试样进行晶间腐蚀敏感性评价，实验结果表明：在相同的焊接工艺条件下，随着腐蚀时间的增长，1Cr18Ni9Ti焊态试样的抗晶间应力腐蚀能力有所下降；而敏化态的试样抗晶间应力腐蚀能力有明显降低。对于SAF2205双相不锈钢，无论在焊态下还是在敏化态下，均表现出良好的抗晶间应力腐蚀性能。综合而言，SAF2205的耐晶间应力腐蚀能力要比1Cr18Ni9Ti强。     

奥氏体不锈钢254SMo的焊接

254SMo是Avesta公司研制的一种新型高含金纯奥氏体不锈钢，因其在酸性有腐蚀的介质和含Cl离子中具有优良的耐晶间腐蚀性能，同时具有优良的抗点蚀；缝隙腐蚀和应力腐蚀开裂的性能。在生产可发性聚苯乙烯工厂中，应用于脱盐水的生成（含Cl离子）及膨胀罐、空压罐等压力容器中。     

晶界特征分布对304不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的影响

通过5%的冷轧变形及在1 100 ℃退火5 min,使304不锈钢中的低ΣCSL晶界比例从固溶处理后的49%提高到75%（Palumbo-Aust标准）.采用C型环样品恒定加载方法,在pH值为1.5的沸腾25%NaCl酸化溶液中进行应力腐蚀实验,低ΣCSL晶界比例为75%的样品在浸泡120 h内没有发生应力腐蚀开裂,而低ΣCSL晶界比例为47%的试样在浸泡24 h后就产生了应力腐蚀裂纹.由断口形貌观察及电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析表明,开始发生的晶间腐蚀会成为后来应力腐蚀开裂的裂纹源,应力腐蚀开裂由最初的沿晶转变为穿晶形式.低ΣCSL晶界比例提高后的试样因其抗晶间腐蚀性能较好,抑制了在Cl^-环境下应力腐蚀裂纹的萌生,因而提高了抗应力腐蚀性能.     

一起大型浓缩制碱锅炉早期泄漏事故分析

运用金相和扫描电镜，对运行仅三个月，材质为０Ｃｒｌ８Ｎｉ９不锈钢的浓缩制碱锅炉焊接热影响区出现的早期泄漏进行了分析，结果发现，在严重的晶间腐蚀基础上由于应力的作用，产生了严重的晶间型应力腐蚀开裂，导致了锅炉的早期泄漏。     

氯离子对压力容器腐蚀的影响及预防措施

用吸附理论及成相膜理论解释了氯离子对不锈钢的腐蚀原理，介绍了应力腐蚀、孔蚀使不锈钢制压力容器腐蚀失效的机理，并提出了相应的预防措施。     

聚合装置金属腐蚀与防护

本文简述聚合装置常见的金属腐蚀，并对腐蚀类型提出防护措施。近年来，在化工装置中铬镍不锈钢（奥氏体）的用量越来越多，据统计，其用量约占不锈钢用量的80％但奥氏体不锈钢在含有对应力腐蚀敏感离子（如Cl-．OH-一等）的溶液中，受应力的部分（如焊缝附近）则可能产生危险的应力腐蚀破裂。尤其是舍Cl-的溶液，在造成奥氏体不锈钢应力腐蚀破裂的事故中约占70％以上。Cl-浓度越大，越容易开裂，但并没有明确的不发生开裂的限界浓度。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.