Value of ecosystem services in China

The function and services are the important components of the life-support system in the planet, as well as the basic elements for sustainable development of environment and society.It is a must to evaluate it for incorporating it with the social-economic system.It is also an important approach to draw the public attention on the environmental and ecosystem conservation.In this study, the ecosystem function and services in China were estimated by employing the classification and economic parameters from Costanza et al.The type and area of terrestrial ecosystems were extracted from Vegetation Map of China (1:4 000 000), and then the distribution map of ecosystem services of China was drawn.According to our calculation, the total value of ecosystem services in China is 77 834.48′108 RMB yuan per annum.The value for terrestrial ecosystem is 56 098.46′108 yuan per annum, and that for marine ecosystem is 21 736.02′108 yuan per annum.The value of ecosystem services in China is 1.73 times bigger than GDP in 1994.The value for forest ecosystem services is 15 433.98′108 yuan per annum, which is 27.51% of the total annual ecosystem services in China.Although wetland is little in area, its ecosystem service value is huge, which is 26 736.9′108 yuan per annum.The value for grassland ecosystem is 8 697.68′108 yuan per annum.Coastal ecosystem service is 12 223.04′108 yuan per annum.Overall, the ecosystem service in China contributes 2.71% to that of our planet.The estimation method employed in this study was a conservative one, and should be improved in the future studies.     

Spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI in China during 2000–2010

Forests are crucial terrestrial ecosystems.Their leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter determining the exchange of matter and energy between the atmosphere and the ground surface.In this study,MOD 09A1 and MCD 43A1 data were input into an inversion model based on the 4-scale geometric optical model to retrieve 8-d 500 m LAI products in China during the period 2000 to 2010.The resulting LAI product was validated using LAI measured in 6 typical areas.The spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI and its relationships with temperature and precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the accuracy of the 500 m LAI product was above 70% in the 6 typical areas,indicating the reliability of this product.From 2000 to 2010,forest LAI in northeast,north,and south central China showed increasing trends.However,forest LAI in southeast and parts of southwest China showed downward trends,mainly because of the significant decrease observed during the period 2008 to 2010.Annual mean forest LAI positively correlated with annual mean temperature (AMT) in northeastern China and negatively correlated with AMT in southwest China.It had positive correlations with annual total precipitation in central south and north China.The abnormal climate conditions in 2001 and 2009 caused forest LAI to be obviously lower than normal in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.Annual mean LAI decreased by more than 1.0 in some areas.     

China＇s sizeable and uncertain carbon sink： a perspective from GOSAT

Despite the agreement that China’s terrestrial ecosystems can provide a carbon sink and offset carbon dioxide(CO2)emissions from fossil fuels,the magnitude and spatial distribution of the sink remain uncertain.Accurate quantification of the carbon sequestration capacity of China’s terrestrial ecosystems has profound scientific and policy implications.Here,we report on the magnitude and patterns of China’s terrestrial carbon sink using the global monthly CO2flux data product from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite(GOSAT),the world’s first satellite dedicated to global greenhouse gas observation.We use the first year’s data from GOSAT(June 2009–May2010)that are currently available to assess China’s biospheric carbon fluxes.Our results show that China’s terrestrial ecosystems provide a carbon sink of-0.21 Pg C a-1.The consumption of fossil fuels in China leads to carbon dioxide emissions of 1.90 Pg C a-1into the atmosphere,approximately 11.1%of which is offset by China’s terrestrial ecosystems.China’s terrestrial ecosystems play a significant role in offsetting fossil fuel emissions and slowing down the buildup of CO2in the atmosphere.Our analysis based on GOSAT data offers a new perspective on the magnitude and distribution of China’s carbon sink.Our results show that China’s terrestrial ecosystems provide a sizeable and uncertain carbon sink,and further research is needed to reduce the uncertainty in its magnitude and distribution.     

Temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas

The study of the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor has the important significance to show the response to climate change in the Taklimakan Desert. The series of monthly atmospheric water vapor from 1961 to 1998 are reconstructed using the observation data including the precipitation, ground water vapor pressure data over the period of 1961 to 2006 from 27 observation stations in its surrounding areas and meteorological data from the Tazhong station during 1999-2006. Then the relationship between atmospheric water vapor and ground vapor pressure is calculated and validated using the observation data for the period of 1976 to 2006 from 5 sounding stations (Hotan, Kuqa, Ruoqiang, Kashgar, and Minfeng). The temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric water vapor in the Taklimakan Desert and its surrounding areas is studied and then its distribution is generated. Results show that high value zone of atmospheric water vapor is mainly distributed in the northern Taklimakan Desert and the oasis-marginal belt of western desert and the value ranges from 14 to 15 mm. The low value center of atmospheric water vapor is in the hinterland of the desert and the value is only 7―8 mm. The annual variations of atmospheric water vapor show generally the increasing trend. How- ever, the variation of atmospheric water vapor in the surrounding areas and the hinterland of the desert is insignificant during 1961―1986. The atmospheric water vapor changes abruptly after 1986 and increases clearly in the two regions. The variation trend accords with that of the precipitation’s increasing significantly in southern Xinjiang for the recent 50 years. There is great error between the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data of atmospheric water vapor and real data in theTaklimakan Desert.     

Quantitative assessment and analysis on the dynamic change of ecological capital in arid areas

Ecological capital is the summation of the direct value of biological resources and the ecological service function value of ecosystems. Under the support of RS, GPS and GIS, in this paper the RS-based quantitative measurement model of assessing ecological capital is developed based on the traditional ecology theory and the research on the value of ecological capital per unit area by using the ecological parameters including Landsat TM data, CBERS satellite data, meteorological data, MODIS satellite data, land cover data and field-measured data. A case study on the spatiotemporal distribution of ecological capital in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 is carried out, and the dynamic change of ecological capital in the prefecture is measured and compared with GDP. The maps of the spatial distribution of ecological capital in the study area are charted, and the characteristics of spatial distribution of ecological capital are analyzed. The results show that the values of ecological capital in the prefecture in 1990, 1995 and 2003 were 1.47368×10^11, 1.66160×10^11 and 1.77895×10^11 yuan RMB （hereafter referred to as yuan） respectively, and that in spatial distribution, the ecological capital decreases from the alpine zones to the plains and from the oases to the deserts, which accords with the zonal distribution of vegetation in arid areas. The measured results can more objectively reflect the ecological capital and its spatial distribution in arid areas, provide an ideal foundation for further study in the future, and can also be combined with the study on service functions of ecosystems and the regiona planning as an important basis of regional planning.     

Simulation study of China’s net primary production

Spatial and temporal distribution of vegetation net primary production （NPP） in China was studied using three light-use efficiency models （CASA, GLOPEM and GEOLUE） and two mechanistic ecological process models （CEVSA, GEOPRO）. Based on spatial and temporal analysis （e.g. monthly, seasonally and annually） of simulated results from ecological process mechanism models of CASA, GLOPEM and CEVSA, the following conclusions could be made： （1） during the last 20 years, NPP change in China followed closely the seasonal change of climate affected by monsoon with an overall trend of increasing; （2） simulated average seasonal NPP was： 0.571±0.2 GtC in spring, 1.573±0.4 GtC in summer, 0.6±0.2 GtC in autumn, and 0.12±0.1 GtC in winter. Average annual NPP in China was 2.864±1 GtC. All the five models were able to simulate seasonal and spatial features of biomass for different ecological types in China. This paper provides a baseline for China＇s total biomass production. It also offers a means of estimating the NPP change due to afforestation, reforestation, conservation and other human activities and could aid people in using for-mentioned carbon sinks to fulfill China＇s commitment of reducing greenhouse gases.     

PROMOTING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS

Since China initiated the policy of reform and opening,Wuxi County has gained rapid development inindustry,agriculture and all the social undertakings.It was continuously appraised as the first of“OneHundred Powerful Counties of Comprehensive Strength of Rural Economics in China”for two years.So itis called the“First County in China”.In 1994,its GNP reached 17.5 billion yuan RMB and the gross in-dustrial and agricultural output value reached 65.04 billion.Benefiting from the industry,the agricultural     

Impacts of climate change on ecosystem in Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation in China

Priority Areas of Biodiversity Conservation （PABCs） are the key areas for future biodiversity conservation in China. In this study, we used 5 dynamic global vegetation models （DGVMs） to simulate the ecosystem function changes under future climate change scenario in the 32 terrestrial PABCs. We selected vegetation coverage, vegetation productivity, and ecosystem carbon balance as the indicators to describe the ecosystem function changes. The results indicate that woody vegetation coverage will greatly increase in the Loess Plateau Region, the North China Plain, and the Lower Hilly Region of South China. The future climate change will have great impact on the original vegetation in alpine meadow and arid and semiarid regions. The vegetation productivity of most PABCs will enhance in the coming 100 years. The largest increment will take place in the southwestern regions with high elevation. The PABCs in the Desert Region of Inner Mongolia-Xinjiang Plateau are with fastest productivity climbing, and these areas are also with more carbon sink accumulation in the future. DGVM will be a new efficient tool for evaluating ecosystem function changes in future in large scale. This study is expected to provide technical support for the future ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation under climate change.     

Jiuzhaigou Ecotourism Areal System： Temporal Evolution of Entropic Change

The temporal evolution of entropy of Jiuzhaigou ecotourism areal system has been quantitatively analyzed by using equation of system entropy V = k In M - k In C. The computed entropy for Jiuzhaigou ecotourism areal system for 20 years indicates a negative value during 1986-1996, which implies that the system had remained a healthy state during this period. The system entropy value, however, showed a constant increase since 1996 until it turned to be positive in 2000 when the system became chaotic. After 2000 the entropy value declined until 2003 when it escalated once again. By analyzing the causes and process of entropy change of the system, it is argued that fluctuation of entropy value is due to the overloading of tourist service capacity by tourism activities. It is desired to curb the flow of tourist volume and reinforce conservation efforts as well as, so that an ideal balance between conservation and development could be maintained.     

Temporal and spatial variability response of groundwater level to land use/land cover change in oases of arid areas

This paper conducts a case study on the impacts of land use/cover change （LUCC） on the temporal and spatial variability of the groundwater level in an arid oasis in the Sangong River Watershed by using the geographical information system （GIS）, remote sensing （RS） and geostatistical methods. The temporal and spatial variability of the groundwater level in the watershed in 1978, 1987 and 1998 is regressed by using the＇semivariogram model and Kriging interpolation. The LUCC classification maps derived from the aerial images in 1978, Landsat TM image in 1987 and Landsat ETM image in 1998 are used to superpose and analyze the conversion relationship of LUCC types in the regions with different isograms of the groundwater depth. The results show that the change of groundwater recharge was not so significant in the whole oasis, but the temporal and spatial LUCC was significant either in the normal flow periods or in the high flow periods during the 20-year period from 1978 to 1998, and there was a close correlation between them. There is generally a moderate spatial correlation of groundwater level （33.4%） and the spatial autocorrelation distance is 17.78 km. The regions where the groundwater level is sharply changed are also the regions where the land resources are increasingly exploited, which include mainly the exploitation of farmlands, woodlands, and building, industrial and mining lands. The study reveals that the LUCC affects strongly the temporal and spatial variability of the groundwater level in the arid oasis. The study results are of direct and practical significance for rationally utilizing shallow groundwater resources and maintaining the stability of the arid oasis.     

华阳河湖群地区土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响?

以华阳河湖群地区为研究对象,采用1990、2002、2010年3期的土地利用数据,运用Costanza方法,从生态系统服务功能的角度,结合中国生态服务价值当量因子表,分析了研究区土地利用变化及其对生态服务价值的影响.结果表明:1)1990—2010年间,耕地、湿地、水域和草地均减少,林地和建设用地大幅度增加,土地利用强度处于上升阶段;2)近20年来,研究区生态系统服务总价值从34.197亿元下降到31.17亿元,共下降了3.027亿元,下降趋势明显,主要是生态价值系数较高的湖泊面积减少所致,水域对研究区生态系统服务总价值贡献率最大;3)从单项生态系统服务功能看,研究区水源涵养、废物处理等服务性功能价值远大于其生产性功能价值,该区域在未来发展和规划中应更注重自然资源的保护,更多的保护水域、林地等高生态价值的生态用地,以实现人口、资源与环境的可持续发展.     

基于土地利用变化的泉州市生态系统服务价值研究

以泉州市为研究区,根据2002—2009年的土地利用变更数据,从生态系统服务功能角度,运用Costanza的方法,结合谢高地修正的我国生态服务价值当量因子表,分析了泉州生态系统服务价值对土地利用变化的响应．结果表明：由于泉州市城市化和工业化迅速发展,2002—2009年泉州市居民点及工矿用地、交通用地扩大,耕地、林地、牧草地、水域和未利用地面积呈减少趋势,引起了生态系统服务功能价值的下降．泉州市2002年总生态服务价值为242．998亿元,2009年为239．205亿元,从2002年至2009年近8年来共减少了3．793亿元．就生态系统各单项服务功能价值（ESVr）来看,均处于下降的趋势．2009年泉州市生态系统服务价值约为GDP的7．8％,且从2002年至2009年处于逐年下降的趋势,经济发展与生态效益不相一致．     

基于CA Markov模型的喀斯特地区县域生态系统服务价值动态模拟

【目的】评估贵州喀斯特典型地区土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化趋势,为退耕还林(草)工程的实施提供理论支撑。【方法】在“3S”技术支持下,以贵州省普定县1999年、2003年、2009年和2015年4期Landsat遥感影像为主要数据源,根据CART决策树模型分类结果,提取普定县土地利用/覆被及景观格局信息,对1999—2015年间生态系统服务价值进行动态评估; 在此基础上结合CA-Markov模型,预测普定县2021年土地利用景观格局及生态系统服务价值变化趋势。【结果】1999—2015年间,研究区生态系统服务价值平稳增加,其中林地、农田和水域3类景观的生态系统服务价值占总价值的90%以上,是生态系统服务主体。在土地利用生态系统单项服务价值方面,水源涵养、土壤形成与保护和废物处理这3项生态服务功能合计贡献率在50%左右。【结论】贵州普定县域生态系统服务价值变化的主要驱动因素是退耕还林(草)政策的实施。2021年普定县生态系统服务价值总量为9.58亿元,比2015年减少约0.3亿元,说明现有退耕还林政策下,普定县生态系统服务价值在未来5年呈下降趋势。     

上海崇明县湿地生态系统服务功能价值评价

【目的】对崇明县湿地生态系统服务功能价值进行核算,一方面为湿地生态系统生态价值核算提供参考依据,另一方面可以为崇明县湿地保护、恢复与可持续发展提供指导。【方法】基于上海市第2次(2011—2013年)湿地资源调查数据,将崇明县湿地划分为3类10型; 根据《千年生态系统评估》,结合崇明县实际,将崇明县湿地生态系统服务功能分为4大类共13项,并估算了崇明县湿地的价值。【结果】崇明县湿地生态系统服务功能总价值为124.13亿元。在各湿地类型中,近海与海岸湿地的服务功能价值最大为51.53亿元,其次是人工湿地的服务功能价值为24.74亿元,沼泽湿地的服务价值最小仅为2.61亿元; 湿地生态系统的各项服务功能价值大小顺序为:调节服务价值(48.25亿元)＞支持服务价值(43.81亿元)＞供给服务价值(22.57亿元)＞文化服务价值(9.50亿元)。【结论】调节服务和支持服务是崇明县湿地生态系统的主导服务功能,因此,在坚持优先保护的原则下,合理高效利用湿地资源,可提高该县湿地服务总价值量。     

江苏省重点公益林生态服务功能及价值评估

【目的】评估江苏省重点公益林的生态服务功能及价值。【方法 】依据《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721— 2008),利用江苏省森林资源二类调查资料,以及长江三角洲森林生态系统定位研究站长期监测数据和相关研究成果,对江苏省重点公益林生态服务功能及价值进行评估。【结果】江苏省重点公益林生态服务功能总价值为400.63亿元/a,是每年投入的257倍。各项生态服务功能价值大小次序为:涵养水源价值>固碳释氧价值>生物多样性保护价值>森林游憩价值>积累营养物质价值>净化大气环境价值>森林防护价值>保育土壤价值。针叶类树种以及梨、柿、板栗、杜仲、油桐等经济树种生态服务功能较高,其他硬阔及杨树面积大,但其单位面积生态服务功能价值均较低。【结论】公益林分布区应适当将杨树、其他硬阔树种等更新为针叶类,或者梨、柿、板栗、杜仲、油桐等经济树种,以提高江苏省重点公益林的生态服务功能价值。     

基于生境质量与生态区位的海口市生态系统服务价值估算

通过市场价格法、机会成本法、影子工程法等常用生态服务价值评估方法计算出自然、农业和城市生态系统的生态服务基准价值, 利用生境质量系数和生态区位系数对海口市1998, 2004和2008年生态系统服务基准价值进行空间调整, 得到3个时期海口市生态系统服务价值的空间分布情况。结果显示, 单位面积服务价值除针叶林、红树林和橡胶林2008年较1998年减少外, 其他生态系统呈增加趋势。3期生态系统服务价值分别为58.09, 83.40和106.02亿元, 比相应年份基准价值增加?2.82%, 21.62%和30.59%; 价值构成中农业生态系统服务价值所占比例最高, 1998, 2004和2008年分别占总价值的78.60%, 80.07%和81.89%, 自然和城市生态系统服务价值增加趋势相对缓慢。     

成都市生态系统服务功能价值探讨

运用生态经济学原理与方法,阐释了成都市生态系统调节气候、固碳释氧、保持土壤、涵养水源、净化环境和减弱噪声等生态服务功能,对其经济价值进行评估.结果表明,成都市生态系统服务功能年总价值为11 524.79亿元,该市2004年国内生产总值(GDP)2 185.7亿元.巨大的生态服务潜力,为成都市可持续发展提供了广阔的空间.依据重要性,由大到小依次为固碳释氧功能、调节气候功能、涵养水源功能、保持土壤功能、净化空气功能与减弱噪声功能.污水治理与土壤重金属降解是成都市下一阶段景观管理与生态建设中需要重点保障的生态系统服务功能.     

三江源区生态产品价值核算

 摸清自然资源资产家底是推进生态文明建设、完善生态补偿机制和建立生态文明绩效考核机制的基础。三江源区是“中华水塔”,是中国重点生态功能区、国家公园体制试点区。针对三江源区生态产品类型,从物质量和价值量两个角度构建了生态产品评价指标的测算方法,采用直接市场价格法和替代市场法核算生态产品价值。结果表明：三江源区2012年生态产品价值为1986.43×10⁸元人民币,是同期该区国民生产总值的8.27倍,地均生态产品价值为5093元/hm²。三江源区2012年农产品价值为327.5×10⁸元,干净水源价值为1098.56×10⁸元,清新空气价值为560.37×10⁸元。生态产品是三江源区非常重要的自然资源资产,其价值远超过经济生产价值。将生态产品价值纳入国民经济统计核算体系,建立以生态产品为核心的新型绩效考评机制,有助于生态保护绩效考核和自然资源资产离任审计制度的建立。     

基于CFDAM模型的中国气候资金需求分析

本文对气候资金需求进行了定义,开发了气候资金需求分析模型.模型结果显示,要实现2030年达到排放峰值的目标,资金需求对应着3个阶段:a.早期投资阶段(2020年前),需要快速增加投资,预计每年资金需求增速超过4%,直到2020年逐渐增大到资金需求的峰值25 600亿元人民币,相当于当年度GDP的1.79%;b.平稳投资阶段(2020—2030年),资金需求相对稳定,每年的投资规模稳定在25 000亿元人民币左右,到2030年资金需求为25 200亿元人民币,相当于当年度GDP的1.8%;c.投资收益阶段(2030—2050年),受益于早期持续投资的长期收益,该阶段资金需求将快速下降,到2050年资金总需求降低为15 000亿元人民币.而目前每年的气候资金供给规模仅为5 256亿元/年,缺口超过20 000亿元/年.为了填补巨大的资金缺口,本文提出公共资金在完善气候资金制度框架,扩大气候资金供给,撬动私人投资方面将发挥举足轻重的作用,应当构建以气候基金为主体的公共资金体系.     

中国栎林生态服务功能评估

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