太阳质子事件研究进展

太阳质子事件是很重要的太阳活动,从1956年开始人们对它进行了深入的趼究。概括太阳质子事件的研究进展：从质子事件的研究意义、不同时期的探测技术、质子在行星际介质空间的传播、质子事件的统计特征和相关性、质子峰值流量的分布、质子事件预报研究等几个方面对质子事件做了分析,有助于深入地了解太阳质子事件,从而更好地为空间天气预报服务。     

太阳活动区参量与太阳耀斑和太阳质子事件的相关性统计分析

太阳黑子活动区与太阳耀斑和太阳质子事件的发生有紧密的关系.选取活动区特征参量包括太阳黑子群面积,磁分类,McIntosh分类,10 cm射电流量,统计和耀斑发生的产率关系;还统计了太阳活动区的位置,软X射线通量和质子事件的产率关系.对于磁分类,McIntosh分类的每一种分类类型计算了耀斑产率,对黑子群面积和10 cm射电流量和软X射线通量用函数拟合了它们和太阳耀斑和太阳质子事件的产率关系.对活动区位置采用了分段统计质子事件产率的方法.统计结果显示我们选取的活动区特征参量与太阳耀斑和质子事件有较强的相关性.统计结果可作为以后建立太阳耀斑,太阳质子事件预报模型中预报因子的选取的基础.     

基于统计学习技术的太阳质子事件预报模型

结合太阳耀斑与日冕物质抛射参量作为预报因子建立太阳质子事件预报模型。描述太阳耀斑的三个特征参量包括耀斑峰值流量、持续时间和耀斑维度;太阳质子事件的三个特征参量分别为CME宽度、CME速度和测量位置角度。首先使用信息增益率评价各参量对质子事件发生的重要度,结果表明相比于耀斑峰值流量和持续时间,CME宽度和速度对质子事件发生具有更高的重要性。基于上述参量,应用线性Logistic回归方法建立质子事件预报模型。对模型进行检测并与只选用耀斑参量的预报模型的预报结果进行比较,结果显示采用耀斑结合CME参量的预报模型具有较高的预报准确率和较低的虚报率,尤其对于质子事件发生的报准率提高较多(67.5%上升到90%)。实验结果验证CME参量作为预报因子的有效性。     

基于支持向量机和k近邻的太阳质子事件预报模型

应用支持向量机和k近邻相结合的方法,建立了太阳质子事件预报模型。预报因子包括黑子面积、磁分型、McIntosh分型、太阳射电流量、活动区位置和软X射线流量。太阳质子事件模型包括两个子模型：质子有无模型和质子峰值流量模型。质子有无模型能对未来24小时是否发生质子事件给出预报,质子峰值流量模型对已发生的质子事件预报峰值流量等级。用2002年和2004年的数据进行了模拟预报,结果显示模型具有较高的报准率,同时显示出活动区位置和软x射线通量是比较敏感的预报因子。     

A comparative analysis on two solar proton events

This paper presents a comparative analysis on the two Solar Proton Events (SPE), which occurred on 14 July 2000 (Bastille Day) and 28 October 2003 (28OCT03) respectively. It is found that although the peak flux of the latter seemed to be greater than that of the former based on geostationary observations, the maximum intensities of the energetic protons (>10 MeV and 30 MeV) during the Bastille Day event were all higher than those of the 28OCT03 event according to the interplanetary observations. Further analysis indicated that the quantity of the seed particles, which could be accelerated to the energies exceeding 10 and 30 MeV by the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)-driven shock on 14 July 2000, was far larger than that of the 28OCT03 event. In the Bastille Day case, when the CME approached to the height around 14 R⊙, the CME-driven shock would reach its maximum capacity in accelerating the solar en- ergetic protons (>100 MeV). In contrast, on 28 October 2003, when CME approached to the height about 58R⊙, the CME-driven shock reached its highest potential in accelerating the solar energetic protons of the same category. At this moment, the peak flux (>100 MeV) was about 155 pfu, which was much lower than 355 pfu measured on 14 July 2000. This demonstrated that in the Bastille Day event, the quantity of the seed particles, which could be accelerated to the energy beyond 100 MeV, was significantly larger than its counterpart in the 28OCT03 case. Therefore, the peak flux of an SPE event depends not only on the interplanetary intensity of the solar energetic particles, but also on the velocity of the associated CME-driven shock, and the quantity of the seed particles as well as on the interplanetary magnetic en- vironment. This paper also reveals that the magnetic sheath associated with ICME on 28 October 2003 captured a large number of solar energetic protons, including those having energy greater than 100 MeV.     

Power conversion factor in solar flares

With RHESSI data from five solar flares taken from beginning to end,we investigate the power conversion factorμdefined as the ratio of the time derivative of total thermal energy(ERHESSI+Erad+Econd)and the kinetic power(PRHESSI)of nonthermal electrons.Here, ERHESSI is the computed energy contained in thermal plasmas traced by RHESSI SXRs.Other two contributions(Erad and Econd)to the total energy are the energies lost through radiation and conduction,both of which can be derived from the observational data.If both are not considered,μis only positive before the SXR maximum.However,we find that for each flare studiedμis positive over the whole duration of the soalr flare after taking into account both radiation and conduction.Mean values forμrange from 11.7% to 34.6%for these five events,indicating roughly that about this fraction of the known energy in nonthermal electrons is efficiently transformed into thermal energy from start to end.This fraction is traced by RHESSI SXR observations;the rest is lost.The bulk of the nonthermal energy could heat the plasma low in the atmosphere to drive mass flows(i.e.chromospheric evaporation).     

太阳耀斑中单能X射线源发射(II)

本文用大量观测数据在［１］的基础上证明：太阳耀斑中不但存在来自ｐｅｐ过程的单能（～１２．５ｋｅＶ）的Ｘ射线源发射,而且存在来自ｄ＋ｅｄ＋过程的单能（～２５ｋｅＶ）的Ｘ射线源发射。并根据理论模型提出关于耀斑Ｘ射线谱测量的建议。     

太阳活动峰年和谷年期间黑子群与耀斑的统计分析

基于NOAA/SWPC公布的太阳活动数据,我们选取第24太阳活动峰年附近的12个连续月份(2011年7月至2012年6月)和第23太阳活动周谷年附近的12个连续月份(2005年7月至2006年6月),统计了这两段时间中太阳黑子群和耀斑的活动规律,并根据时间、黑子群分布纬度、寿命和磁场类型等对峰年和谷年进行了详细分析和比较,主要结论如下所述.(1)黑子群数随时间的变化在峰年和谷年均比较随机,峰年期间黑子数比谷年增多1.5倍左右.耀斑爆发与黑子群活动具有良好的相关性,但峰年期间存在某个月份耀斑数很少的现象,而谷年期间存在某个月份耀斑数集中增多的现象.(2)无论峰年还是谷年,δ类型黑子群的耀斑产率(耀斑总数与黑子群总数之比)最大,但β型黑子群产生的耀斑爆发最多.耀斑产率与磁场类型有密切关系,但与其所处太阳活动周中的阶段无关.(3)黑子群和耀斑的纬度分布的南北不对称性,以X级耀斑最为显著.峰年较谷年的耀斑数增加主要集中在C级和M级.(4)耀斑产率同黑子群寿命具有良好的相关性,但黑子群的数目同它们的寿命之间没有明显的规律.     

京津冀地区闪电计数对太阳耀斑爆发的响应

研究 1989～ 1994年间夏季前后 170个 2级以上太阳耀斑对高时空分辨率的LLP80 -0 2型闪电定位系统在此期间于京津冀地区所测的 2 2 732 6个闪电活动的中短期影响 .发现在所覆盖的 6 0 0km× 6 0 0km区域内 ,在河北中西部至渤海湾地区一带闪电次数存在几百公里尺度的负响应区 ,在河北中部的负响应区其差异显著性优于 5× 10 - 3.这一结果表明在此地区太阳耀斑爆发后雷暴活动减弱现象可能是稳定的客观事实 .它对太阳活动影响短期天气的传统机理提出了新的挑战 ,也为进一步的研究提供了新的事实根据 .     

XMM-Newton卫星观测大陵五数据分析

分析了XMM-Newton卫星对密近双星系统大陵五的观测数据,得出其光变曲线和能谱.通过对光变曲线的分析,得出探测到的X射线耀发的线形尺度和纬度.通过能谱随时间的演化得到了大陵五X射线冕的温度结构.     

甚低频电磁波方法预报地磁暴

通过观察甚低频电磁波的相位变化,预测太阳耀斑的级别.当太阳耀斑爆发时,太阳表面首先会发出大量电磁辐射(主要是X射线),甚低频电磁波能很好地感应到此辐射;其次还喷射出大量带电低能粒子流,这会引起地磁暴,且通常在耀斑爆发1~2d之后到达地球.给出了一个预报地磁暴的实例.两事件的时间间隔约为28h,太阳风的速度约为1 484.1km/s.     

各类别耀斑对人体的不同效应初探

对各种不同性质、不同级别、不同日面位置及不同时间的耀斑与婴儿出生率变化关系的分析，显示出不同耀斑对人体影响的不同。各级Hα耀斑、质子耀斑的当日效应都很明显，这反映了人体对耀斑电磁辐射和高能粒子辐射的敏感性，耀斑耀发后的第2－5d还有一个出生率高峰，能量越大的耀斑，这个峰出现得越早，这与低能离子云到达地球的时间相符。太阳活动低谷年爆发的1b,1n级Hα耀斑和C级X射线耀斑等低能量耀斑地人体的影响也不能忽视。     

Solar activity effects of the ionosphere: A brief review

Solar radiation, which varies over multiple temporal scales, modulates remarkably the evolution of the ionosphere. The solar activity dependence of the ionosphere is a key and fundamental issue in ionospheric physics, providing information essential to understanding the variations in the ionosphere and its processes. Selected recent studies on solar activity effects of the ionosphere are briefly reviewed in this report. This report focuses on (1) observations of solar irradiance at X-ray and extreme ultraviolet wavelengths and the outstanding problems of solar proxies, in the view of ionospheric studies, (2) new findings and improved representations of the features of the solar activity dependence of ionospheric key parameters and the corresponding physical processes, (3) possible phenomena in the ionosphere under extremely high and low solar activity conditions that are unique, as indicated by historical solar datasets and the deep solar minimum of solar cycle 23/24, and (4) statistical studies and model simulations of the ionosphere response to solar flares. The above-mentioned studies provide new clues for comprehensively explaining basic processes in the ionosphere and improving the prediction capability of ionospheric models and related applications.     

基于Matlab的BP神经网络在太阳耀斑级别预测中的应用

太阳耀斑爆发与多种因素存在着非线性的关系,其中规律难以把握.选择时间变化长短,工作频率,路径大圆距离,VLF传播相位变化偏移量4个与太阳耀斑级别预测密切相关的重要因素,构建了BP神经网络模型;然后利用Matlab工具箱对网络模型进行系统仿真与多次训练,使网络的预测输出不断逼近期望输出,实现对太阳耀斑级别的预测,通过结果误差分析,表明这种方法具有有效性与可行性.