37Mn5钢热变形行为与流变应力模型研究

利用 Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机研究37Mn5钢在变形温度为800~1 150 ℃、变形速率为0.1~10 s-1条件下的热压缩变形行为.采用应变硬化率-应力曲线图较精确地获得峰值应力,并用双曲正弦方程描述37Mn5钢热压缩变形过程中的峰值应力与Zener-Hollomon参数的关系.回归分析得到方程中变形激活能及各材料常数的值,获得37Mn5钢在高温条件下的流变应力本构方程.结果表明,采用该本构方程计算出的流变应力值与实验所得应力值非常接近.     

低碳钢热塑性成形过程本构模型

根据高温流动应力行为的主导软化机制不同,建立了低碳钢热塑性成形过程的动态回复和动态再结晶两阶段本构模型.采用单一内变量的位错密度演化模型描述加工硬化和动态回复对流动应力的影响;应用Avrami方程表达动态再结晶软化作用对流动应力的影响.采用Gleeble1500热模拟实验机对低碳钢进行热压缩实验,依据实验流动应力曲线确定本构模型中的参数,并分析了模型参数随变形条件的变化规律.应用建立的本构模型计算实验条件下的流变曲线,结果计算值与实验值吻合良好,表明所建立的本构模型可以用于低碳钢热压缩成形过程的数值模拟.     

SS400钢低温区流变应力的预测

采用单道次压缩试验,研究了变形温度和变形速率对SS400钢热变形行为的影响.在此基础上确定了SS400钢Z-Hollomen参数方程,并建立了计算流变应力的模型.通过此模型计算了试验钢的流变应力,确定了动态软化过程激活能为290 kJ/mol.结果表明预测结果与实测值吻合良好.     

高锰TWIP钢热变形行为及应变补偿型本构方程的建立

对高锰TWIP钢进行不同温度(850~1100℃)和应变速率(0.01,0.1,1,5,10s^-1)的绝热压缩试验,研究试验钢高温热变形行为. 分析了变形温度和应变速率对流动特性的影响,建立了应变补偿型本构方程,并采用三种标准统计参数对应变补偿型本构方程的精确度进行了评估. 结果表明:流动应力对变形温度和应变速率的敏感程度很高,且随着变形温度的提高或应变速率的降低,流动应力呈下降趋势;应变速率对动态再结晶过程有着很复杂的影响;流动应力预测值与试验值具有较高的吻合度,表明建立的应变补偿型本构方程能够精确预测流动应力.     

高锰TWIP钢热变形行为及应变补偿型本构方程的建立

对高锰TWIP钢进行不同温度(850～1 100℃)和应变速率(0.01,0.1,1,5,10 s~(-1))的绝热压缩试验,研究试验钢高温热变形行为.分析了变形温度和应变速率对流动特性的影响,建立了应变补偿型本构方程,并采用三种标准统计参数对应变补偿型本构方程的精确度进行了评估.结果表明:流动应力对变形温度和应变速率的敏感程度很高,且随着变形温度的提高或应变速率的降低,流动应力呈下降趋势;应变速率对动态再结晶过程有着很复杂的影响;流动应力预测值与试验值具有较高的吻合度,表明建立的应变补偿型本构方程能够精确预测流动应力.     

35CrMo钢高温流变行为及其本构方程

为了更好地描述35CrMo钢应力-应变关系,建立材料的本构模型,采用Gleeble3800热模拟试验机对热轧后的35CrMo钢进行了热模拟高温压缩实验,研究了35CrMo钢在变形温度为800,900,1 000,1 100,1 200℃,应变速率分别为0.01,0.1,1,10s-1的条件下,变形温度和应变速率对材料流变应力的影响。实验结果表明:35CrMo钢高温变形时存在动态回复型与动态再结晶型两种应力-应变关系,通过求解材料临界应变与峰值应变的关系,间接建立了35CrMo钢峰值应力本构方程,并验证了其准确性。所提出的本构方程可以较好地描述35CrMo钢热变形条件下的应力-应变关系,对于35CrMo钢的热成形工艺设计及数值模拟工作具有基础理论意义。     

300 M高强钢高温流变行为及本构方程

通过Gleeble 3500高温热模拟压缩实验,研究300M高强钢在变形温度900~1 150℃、应变速率0.01~10 s-1条件下变形温度和应变速率对材料流动应力的影响规律,建立高温热变形材料本构方程。研究结果表明:变形温度和应变速率对300M钢材料流变应力都有显著的影响,随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加,材料流动应力增加;建立了材料常数α,n,ln A和激活能Q与真应变之间的非线性四项式函数关系;所建立材料本构方程预测值与实验值具有较好的一致性,说明该本构方程能够准确地描述300M钢热变形条件下的材料流变行为。     

SS400钢低温区流变应力的预测

采用单道次压缩试验，研究了变形温度和变形速率对SS400钢热变形行为的影响．在此基础上确定了SS400钢Z-Hollomen参数方程，并建立了计算流变应力的模型．通过此模型计算了试验钢的流变应力，确定了动态软化过程激活能为290kJ／mol．结果表明预测结果与实测值吻合良好．     

42CrMo钢的热压缩流变应力行为

为实现42CrMo钢锻造的数值模拟与合理制定其热成形工艺参数,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机研究工业用42CrMo钢在变形温度为850～1150℃和应变速率为0．01～50s^-1条件下的流变应力行为。通过线性回归分析确定42CrMo钢的应变硬化指数以及形变表观激活能,获得42CrMo钢高温条件下的流变应力本构方程,并验证该流变应力本构方程的准确性。研究结果表明：42CrMo钢在热压缩变形过程中发生了明显的动态回复与动态再结晶,流变应力随应变速率的增加而增加,随温度的升高而降低;流变应力的预测值与实验值较吻合,而且预测的最大相对误差仅为4．54％。     

电刷材料Ag-Pd-Cu-X合金的热变行为分析

在变形温度650~950 ℃,应变速率0.001~0.1 s -1的条件下,采用Gleeble-1500热模拟实验机对Ag-Pd-Cu-X合金进行了热模拟压缩实验,分析了合金微观组织及流变应力变化规律,建立了合金的热变形本构方程。结果表明：当变形温度由650 ℃升高到750 ℃以后,合金的热变形软化机制由动态回复为主转向以动态再结晶为主,流变应力呈现出明显的逐渐降低趋势。合金在变形温度750~950 ℃的热变形激活能为210.369 kJ/mol。利用所建立的本构方程计算得到的预测值与实验值吻合良好,证明了所建立本构方程的正确性。     

43″汽轮机叶片材料热变形行为及制坯工艺参数优化

针对制造高质量叶片锻件的材料热变形问题,采用热模拟试验及数据回归拟合的方法建立了某43"汽轮机叶片材料的高温流变应力方程.采用所建立的方程,使用软件DEFORM3D对叶片锻造过程进行了数值模拟和正交试验分析.应力方程计算结果表明,所用材料在高温压缩下的流变应力符合双曲正弦函数关系.试验分析结果表明,凸台直径对叶片锻造质量的影响最为显著,叶根过渡处圆角与摆料位置的影响其次,叶冠过渡处圆角的影响最小,据此对锻造工艺参数进行了优化.生产实践表明:采用优化后的参数可降低载荷,使尺寸公差保持在3mm之内,从而提高了产品质量,减小了材料成本,降低了锻造次数,提高了材料利用率和生产效率,这对叶片材料及模锻件的国产化具有重要意义.     

低碳9Ni钢的动态再结晶数学模型

利用MMS-300热模拟实验机对9Ni钢进行了温度范围为800～1150℃、应变速率范围为0.05～1s-1的单道次压缩实验.通过应力-应变曲线研究了9Ni钢的动态再结晶规律,采用硬化率-应力(θ-σ)曲线较精确地确定了动态再结晶的临界条件和峰值应力应变.采用回归法确定了双曲线本构方程中的材料常数和动态再结晶激活能(269kJ/mol),并建立了临界应变、峰值应变和峰值应力与无量纲参数Z/A之间的关系.利用Avrami方程和应力应变曲线建立了9Ni钢动态再结晶动力学模型.     

Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的热变形行为及模锻工艺的有限元模拟

在Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机上进行大变形等温压缩试验,研究Cr-Co-Mo-Ni齿轮钢的高温热变形行为和显微组织,分析材料流变应力与变形温度和应变速率的关系,建立热变形过程的本构方程和热加工图.该材料的流变应力随着温度的升高而下降,随应变速率的增加而增加;用双曲正弦函数式可描述其在热变形过程中的流变应力,热变形活化能为487.21kJ·mol-1;热加工图显示的适宜加工区间为温度1000～1100℃,应变速率0.1 ～1s-1.在热模拟试验基础上进行该钢种锻造工艺的有限元模拟,并结合热加工图分析初锻温度和加工道次对于锻件温度和应变速率的影响,得出适宜的模锻工艺参数为初锻温度1000～1100℃,锻造道次15次.     

Hot deformation behavior andfl ow stress modeling of annealed AZ61 Mg alloys

In this study, the hyperbolic-sine type constitutive equation was used to model the flow stress of annealed AZ61 magnesium(Mg) alloys. Hot compression tests were conducted at the temperatures ranging from 250 1C to 450 1C and at the strain rates ranging from 1 10–3s 1to 1 s 1on a Gleeble-3500 thermo-simulation machine. Constitutive equations as a function of strain were established through a simple extension of the hyperbolic sine constitutive relation. The effects of annealing heat treatments on the variations in constitutive parameters with strain were discussed. The hot compressive flow curves exhibited typical features of dynamic recrystallization. Multiple peak flow curves were observed in the annealed specimens upon testing at a strain rate of 1 10 1s–1and at various temperatures. Variations in constitutive parameters with strain were related to flow behavior and dependent on the initial conditions of the test specimens. The flow stresses of annealed AZ61 Mg alloys were predicted well by the strain-dependent constitutive equations of the hyperbolic sine function under the deformation conditions employed in this study.     

A phenomenological constitutive equation for Rene 95 PM alloy and its application to isothermal forging process of turbine disk

The flow behavior of Rene 95 PM alloy was studied from 1050 to 1150℃ with strain rate of 1×10-3, 1×10-2, 1×10-1 and 1s-1. At a given temperature and strain rate, flow curves exhibit a peak followed by flow softening up to a steady state. Moreover, at constant strain, flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and decreasing temperature. An equation relating hyperbolic sine of flow stress to hot working parameters, such as strain, strain rate and temperature, was established by using multiple nonlinear regression method. A very good agreement was found between predicted and experimental flow stress in all the strain range investigated. Application of the constitutive equation in predicting forming loads and flow behavior and temperature distribution in both upper and lower dies in an isothermal forging process of turbine disk of large dimension (about 630mm) by means of a finite element code was systematically analyzed.     

齿轮钢SAE8620 H高温变形行为及热加工图

通过高温压缩试验研究齿轮钢SAE8620H在950~1100℃、应变速率0．01~10 s-1条件下的高温变形行为.该合金钢的流动应力符合稳态流变特征,流变应力随变形温度升高以及应变速率降低而减小,其本构方程可以采用双曲正弦方程来描述.基于峰值应力、应变速率和温度相关数据推导出SAE8620H高温变形激活能Q=280359．9 J·mol-1.根据变形量40%和60%下应力构建该齿轮钢的热加工图,通过热加工图中耗散值及流变失稳区确定其热变形工艺参数范围. SAE8620H钢在在变形程度较小时宜选取低的应变速率进行成形,而在变形程度大时则要选取低温低应变速率或者高温高应变速率.     

S38MnSiV非调质钢热变形行为及组织演变

利用MMS-300热模拟试验机开展单道次压缩实验和光学显微组织观察,研究了S38MnSiV非调质钢在温度为1173~1423K及应变速率为001~10s-1条件下的热变形行为,获得了应变速率和变形温度对该钢动态再结晶行为及组织的影响规律,按照双曲正弦方法确定了实验钢的热变形激活能和本构方程.结果表明:变形温度越高,应变速率越低,越有利于动态再结晶的发生;随着动态再结晶的进行,奥氏体平均晶粒尺寸随应变的增加逐渐减小;当应力达到稳态时,奥氏体晶粒尺寸不再随应变而发生变化.     

工业纯钛TA2热变形过程的流变行为本构方程

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟实验机研究了工业纯钛TA2的热变形行为.变形温度为750～1000℃,步长50℃,应变速率分别为0.01、0.1、1和10 s-1.实验结果表明,TA2在热压缩变形过程中发生了加工硬化以及动态回复、动态再结晶.随着变形温度的降低和应变速率的增加,流变应力逐渐增加.为了准确预测TA2的高温流变行为,基于实验数据和双曲正弦Arrhe-nius模型构建了考虑应变影响的本构方程,本构方程中材料常数α、n、Q、lnA与应变之间存在6阶多项式关系.本文所提出考虑应变影响的本构方程可以用于研究工业纯钛TA2的高温流变行为.     

Constitutive behavior and processing maps of low-expansion GH909 superalloy

The hot deformation behavior of GH909 superalloy was studied systematically using isothermal hot compression tests in a temperature range of 960 to 1040℃ and at strain rates from 0.02 to 10 s-1 with a height reduction as large as 70%. The relations considering flow stress, temperature, and strain rate were evaluated via power-law, hyperbolic sine, and exponential constitutive equations under different strain conditions. An exponential equation was found to be the most appropriate for process modeling. The processing maps for the superalloy were constructed for strains of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 on the basis of the dynamic material model, and a total processing map that includes all the investigated strains was proposed. Metallurgical instabilities in the instability domain mainly located at higher strain rates manifested as adiabatic shear bands and cracking. The stability domain occurred at 960-1040℃ and at strain rates less than 0.2 s-1; these conditions are recommended for optimum hot working of GH909 superalloy.     

Hot deformation behavior of microstructural constituents in a duplex stainless steel during high-temperature straining

The hot deformation characteristics of 1.4462 duplex stainless steel (DSS) were analyzed by considering strain partitioning between austenite and ferrite constituents. The individual behavior of ferrite and austenite in microstructure was studied in an iso-stress condition. Hot compression tests were performed at temperatures of 800–1100℃ and strain rates of 0.001–1 s?1. The flow stress was modeled by a hyperbolic sine constitutive equation, the corresponding constants and apparent activation energies were determined for the studied alloys. The constitutive equation and law of mixture were used to measure the contribution factor of each phase at any given strain. It is found that the contribution factor of ferrite exponentially declines as the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) increases. On the contrary, the austenite contribution polynomially increases with the increase of Z. At low Z values below 2.6.×1015 (lnZ=35.5), a negative contribution factor is determined for austenite that is attributed to dynamic recrystallization. At high Z values, the contribution factor of austenite is about two orders of magnitude greater than that of ferrite, and therefore, austenite can accommodate more strain. Microstructural characterization via electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) confirms the mechanical results and shows that austenite recrystallization is possible only at high temperature and low strain rate.