Sodium-ion capacitors with superior energy-power performance by using carbon-based materials in both electrodes

Na-ion capacitors(NICs) are promising energy storage devices in virtue of their merits in combining the high energy densities of secondary batteries and the high power densities of supercapacitors.However,it is still very challenging to achieve a balanced energy-power performance in NIC device due to the kinetic imbalance between the battery-type anode and the capacitive-type cathode.In this work,an NIC device based on carbon materials for both anode and cathode has been reported.As-prepared(polyimide/graphene oxide)-derived carbon(PIGC) anode material shows excellent rate capability,which can deliver a specific capacity of 110 mAh g~(-1) at high current densities of 5 A g~(-1).In addition,the N,B co-doped expanded reduced graphite oxide(NBEG)cathode demonstrates a high specific capacitance of 328 F g~(-1).Due to the improved rate capability of PIGC anode and specific capacitance of NBEG cathode,the imbalance on the energy and power densities between anode and cathode is well addressed.As-assembled PIGC//NBEG device can deliver an energy density of 55 W h kg~(-1) even at a high power density of 9500 W kg~(-1).The energy-power properties of PIGC//NBEG are superior to many state-of-the-art NIC devices that using carbon or non-carbon based electrodes.This work offers not only a promising device configuration with superior energy-power properties,but also a guidance for the design strategies on electrode materials for high-throughput energy storage systems.     

Electrochemical performance of MCMB/(AC+LiFePO4) lithium-ion capacitors

Lithium-ion capacitors(LICs) were fabricated using mesocarbon microbeads(MCMB) as a negative electrode and a mixture of activated carbon(AC) and LiFePO4 as a positive electrode(abbreviated as LAC).The phase structure and morphology of LAC samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).The electrochemical performance of the LICs was studied using cyclic voltammetry,charge-discharge rate measurements,and cycle performance testing.A LIC with 30 wt% LiFePO4 was found to have the best electrochemical performance with a specific energy density of 69.02 W h kg-1 remaining at 4 C rate after 100 cycles.Compared with an AC-only positive electrode system,the ratio of practical capacity to theoretical calculated capacity of the LICs was enhanced from 42.22% to 56.59%.It was proved that adding LiFePO4 to AC electrodes not only increased the capacity of the positive electrode,but also improved the electrochemical performances of the whole LICs via Li+ pre-doping.     

锂离子电容器碳酸乙烯酯基电解液的研究

采用2种碳酸乙烯酯基电解液制作了基于活性炭正极和软碳负极的软包装锂离子电容器(LICs),研究了器件的直流内阻、倍率、阻抗和循环稳定性等电化学性能.结果表明:通过向碳酸乙烯酯(EC)和碳酸二乙酯(DEC)的混合溶剂中加入碳酸丙烯酯(PC),得到双氟磺酰亚胺锂电解液(1.2 mol/L LiFSI : (EC/PC/DEC)), 可使LICs具有更低的内阻和更佳的倍率性能,而且低温下其电化学性能亦有显著提高.研究结果对于开发低内阻和低温LICs的电解液具有重要意义.     

降解苯的微生物燃料电池产电性能研究

 通过构建填料型微生物燃料电池（microbial fuel cell,MFC）,对葡萄糖、苯为单一燃料和葡萄糖+苯混合燃料条件下MFC的产电性能及苯的降解效果进行了研究。试验结果表明,1 000 Ω外电阻条件下,以1 500 mg/L葡萄糖作为单一燃料时,MFC可获得的最高功率密度为228 mW/m2（阳极）,相应的体积功率密度为205 W/m3（按阳极室有效体积计算）; 以1 000 mg/L苯作为单一燃料时,最高功率密度为95 mW/m2（阳极）,体积功率密度为09 W/m3;以1 000 mg/L葡萄糖+600 mg/L苯为混合燃料时,最高功率密度为288 mW/m2 (阳极),相应的体积功率密度为259 W/m3。1 000 mg/L葡萄糖+600 mg/L苯混合燃料情况下,MFC在24 h内可将苯完全降解,产电周期结束时MFC的 COD去除率在95%以上。以1 500 mg/L葡萄糖和1 000 mg/L葡萄糖+600 mg/L苯分别作为燃料时,MFC可获得的库仑〖JP2〗效率分别为157%和23%。结果表明,MFC能够利用苯作为燃料,在实现高效降解的同时可稳定地向外输出电能,这为苯类难降解有机物的高效低耗处理提供了新的研究思路。     

Fabrication and Electrochemical Properties of Carbon Nanotube-based Composite Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitor Applications

1 Results Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are expected to be used in hybrid electric vehicles in combination with batteries or fuel cells because of their higher power density than batteries. ECs using electrical double layer capacitance of carbon based materials and pseudocapacitance of transition metal oxides are called electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLC) and supercapacitors (or pseudocapacitor), respectively. Transition metal oxides are considered the best candidates for high energy dens...     

H2S气体浓度及流率对复合质子传导膜燃料电池性能的影响

采用溶胶—凝胶法制备了纳米级Li2SO4+Li2WO4+Al2O3复合质子传导膜,研究了不同H2S气体浓度、流率和操作温度对结构为H2S、（复合MoS2阳极催化剂）/ 复合质子传导膜/（复合NiO阴极催化剂）、空气的燃料电池电化学性能影响。燃料电池的性能与通入阳极侧的H2S浓度和流率有关,H2S浓度和流率增加,提高了阳极侧气体扩散速率和电化学活性组分,使燃料电池的开路电压、输出电流与功率密度提高,电化学性能变好。即使气体中的H2S浓度低达5%时,该气体也可作为电池的燃料并用来发电。操作温度增加,质子传导膜的电传导率和电化学反应速率增加,电池的输出电流与功率密度提高。比较了MoS2与复合MoS2催化剂的性能,复合MoS2催化剂比MoS2催化剂具有更好的性能和化学稳定性。当采用纯H2S作为燃料,通入阳极和阴极侧的H2S和空气的流率分别为35mlmin-1和100mlmin-1,操作温度为650、700和750oC时,燃料电池产生的最大功率密度为12.4、52.9和130 mWcm-2、最大电流密度为45、281和350 mAcm-2。     

气体扩散层集流体对Ni(OH)2纳米结构电化学性能的影响

We report the electrochemical performance of Ni(OH)₂ on a gas diffusion layer (GDL). The Ni(OH)₂ working electrode was successfully prepared via a simple method, and its electrochemical performance in 1 M NaOH electrolyte was investigated. The electrochemical results showed that the Ni(OH)₂/GDL provided the maximum specific capacitance value (418.11 F·g?1) at 1 A·g?1. Furthermore, the Ni(OH)₂ electrode delivered a high specific energy of 17.25 Wh·kg?1 at a specific power of 272.5 W·kg?1 and retained about 81% of the capacitance after 1000 cycles of galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) measurements. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) revealed the occurrence of sodium deposition after long-time cycling, which caused the reduction in the specific capacitance. This study results suggest that the light-weight GDL, which can help overcome the problem of the oxide layer on metal–foam substrates, is a promising current collector to be used with Ni-based electroactive materials for energy storage applications.     

氧化镍钴锂(LiNi0.8Co0.2O2)为正极的高比能量18650型锂离子电池研究

对高比容量、低成本的氧化镍钴锂材料的合成及其在18650型锂离子电池中的性能进行了研究,合成出的批量5kg的氧化镍钴锂材料的放电比容量达到180mAh/g以上．以其为正极,MCMB和天然石墨为负极组装的一批18650电池,最高放电容量为2297mAh,质量比能量为190Wh/kg;电池100％DOD,800mA充放循环600次,容量为初始容量的65％;50％DOD,1A充放循环1000次,放电终了电压由3.45下降到2.98V;电池经过过充、过放、短路、挤压等安全试验,未发生起火、爆炸现象．对电极的制作工艺和电池的设计工艺进行优化,设计出的18650样品电池容量为2530mAh,质量比能量达到210wh/kg,体积比容量550wh/L．     

CoMoO4水热法制备及其在锂/钠离子电池中的应用

碳基负极材料比容量低,无法满足高能量密度电池的需求.为了进一步寻找高容量长循环寿命的电池负极材料,采用水热反应法制备了自支撑CoMoO₄负极,通过X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对材料的结构、形貌进行表征,利用循环伏安法和恒电流充/放电等技术对比研究了材料在锂/钠离子电池中的电化学性能.结果表明,CoMoO₄负极在锂离子电池中的首次可逆比容量为1 403.6 mAh/g,首次库伦效率为146.5%,在100 mA/g电流密度下经50次循环后仍然高达793.6 mAh/g;而CoMoO₄负极在钠离子电池中首次可逆比容量仅为314.2 mAh/g,但经50次循环后容量保持率仍有76.4 %.该自支撑负极无需导电剂和粘结剂,电极材料与泡沫镍结合力强,具有优异的循环稳定性.     

水系锌-石墨电池的研究新进展

水系锌-石墨电池是一种新型的二次电池,基于水系电解液中的阴、阳离子同时参与电化学反应实现储能,因其具有高能量密度、高功率密度和安全廉价等诸多优势,有望成为替代锂离子电池的下一代储能产品。本文综述了近年来水系锌-石墨电池的发展现状,总结了锌负极、石墨正极存在的问题及现有的解决方案,对水系锌-石墨电池的下一步发展进行了预测。     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池堆栈产电性能

研究了三级液固厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池（MFC）串并联的产电性能.同时考察了活性炭装填高度、阳极面积等因素对燃料电池产电性能的影响.结果表明：将燃料电池串联时,总电压为1 500 mV,等于3个单级电池的电压之和,能够有效地提高燃料电池的输出电压,最大功率密度为0.28 W·m-2.而并联时,输出电压仅为450 mV左右,和单级电池输出电压大体相当,最大功率密度为0.074 W·m-2.活性炭的装填高度增加1倍,电压升高了20％左右.阳极面积增加1倍,产电量增大了30％.     

纳米结构水系NiCo/Fe电池材料的制备及电化学性能的研究

可充电的水系电池由于价格低廉、电极材料来源丰富和使用安全等优势而得到研究者们广泛关注.但是其在实用中还存在着能量密度和功率密度不足的问题.该研究以针状NiCo2O4纳米棒为水系电池正极材料,以Fe3O4纳米棒为负极材料组装成了一种NiCo/Fe电池储能器件.该储能器件表现出了优异的可充放电性能,在1.2 kW/kg功率密度下(1 A/g),其最高容量可达207.7 Wh/kg(173 mAh/g),在24 kW/kg(20 A/g)的高速率充放电速率下,其容量仍能保持70.8 Wh/kg(59 mAh/g).此外,得益于正负电极材料均为阵列结构并与基底结合牢固,该储能器件表现出优良的循环性能,即在电流密度为5 A/g下经过2 000次循环后容量仍保持近80%.     

B位Mn掺杂Sr2Fe1.5Mo0.5O6-δ作为中温固体氧化物燃料电池阳极的性能

采用溶胶-凝胶燃烧法合成出Sr₂Fe_1.4Mn_0.1Mo_0.5O_6-δ（SFMn0.1M）材料,并将其作为中温固体氧化物燃料电池的阳极.表征了SFMn0.1M材料的晶体结构、微观形貌、元素价态、电导率和电化学性能.X射线衍射表明Mn取代后,SFMn0.1M依然保持了立方钙钛矿结构,扫描电子显微镜观察到其微观形貌为三维多孔结构.SFMn0.1M作为SOFCs阳极显示出优异的电化学性能,在800℃下SFMn0.1M的电导率为14.7 S·cm-1,以SFMn0.1M为阳极材料组装单电池,H₂作为燃料,其最大功率密度在800,750,700和650℃下分别为565.2,385.2,303.9和141.2 mW·cm-2.因此,SFMn0.1M在作为IT-SOFC阳极材料时表现出巨大的潜力.      

Benefits of Nanostructuring Electrodes for High-Energy and High-Power Lithium Batteries

1 Results One of the greatest challenges for our society is providing powerful electrochemical energy storage devices with both high energy and high power densities. Rechargeable lithium-based batteries are amongst the most promising candidates in terms of energy density,the achievement of high power density is hindered by kinetic problems of the electrode materials.This contribution that emphasizes the power of nanostructuring for electrodes in lithium-based batteries,deals with several nanostructured ...     

低气压高频氩放电中电子能量分布的研究

由数值求解均匀的波尔兹曼方程，计算出在高频均匀的电场下氩放电中电子的能 量分布。计算适合于从低电子密度到足够高电子密度的广大区域。电场与气体密度的 比值在范围 １０~(－１６)Ｖcm＜Ｅ／Ｎ＜１０~(－１５)Ｖcm2．研究了在不同频率的高频电场下,电 子－电子碰撞对电子能量分布的影响。     

空间用矩形锂离子蓄电池研究(英文)

对于未来的空间任务，锂离子蓄电池因其优秀的质量比能量、体积比能量以及循环寿命而比传统的贮能电源，如镉镍蓄电池和氢镍蓄电池表现出更大的优势。上海空间电源研究所开了矩形锂离子蓄电池，包括6、12、30和50Ah四种型号。6、12、30和50Ah锂离子蓄电池的质量比能量分别达到106，113，134和130Wh/kg,而体积比能量分别达到232，258，335和308Wh/L.在0．5C放电倍率、100％DOD的测试条件下，循环寿命大于200次，并且具有良好的高倍率放电性能和低温放电性能。     

生物炭负载金属硒化物复合材料的储锂性能

通过高温对膨化大米进行炭化处理得到米炭(Puffed Rice Carbon, PRC),以米炭(作为生物炭)和商业Sn、Se粉为原材料,采用高能球磨法在氩气保护气氛中球磨48 h,制备了SnSe/PRC锂离子电池负极材料.用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜(含能谱分析)、恒流充放电测试、循环伏安法和电化学阻抗谱等技术对材料进行结构、形貌表征和电化学性能测试.结果表明:在高能机械力作用下,米炭与Sn、Se相互挤压形成合金/碳复合镶嵌结构,提升了体系的导电性能,缓冲了材料的体积膨胀效应,改善了纯合金相的结构稳定性.在电流密度500 mA/g、电压范围0.01~3.00 V条件下进行充放电循环,SnSe/PRC的首次放电比容量较高(704.00 mAh/g),经50次充放电循环后比容量稳定保持在608.90 mAh/g.该材料还具有良好的倍率性能,在较大电流密度下容量仍保持稳定,当恢复至初始电流密度时,容量能恢复到原有水平.利用环境友好且易制得的生物炭材料能有效地改善了SnSe的储锂性能,对金属硒化物在锂离子电池方面的应用有很好的参考价值.     

Series multilayer internal electrodes for high energy density glass-ceramic capacitors

The glass-ceramic dielectrics and internal electrode structures are investigated for improving the general energy storage density of capacitors. Calculation indicates that glass-ceramics acquired from glass matrix annealing at 850℃ for 3 hours can be approximately up to 17 J/cm3 in energy storage density. They are appropriately chosen as the dielectrics for preparing high energy storage density capacitors （HESDCs）. A series multilayer structure of internal electrode is developed for the HESDCs, in which each layer is a combination of gold film and silver paste. This electrode structure promises the capacitor immune from the residual porosity defects inevitably brought by electrode paste sintering process, and specifically improves the electrical breakdown strength of the capacitor. Based on this new electrode structure, the energy storage densities of capacitors are increased by more than one order of magnitude compared with those traditional ones with only single layer of internal electrode. Thus, HESDCs based on the optimized glass-ceramic dielectrics can potentially achieve 7.5 J/cm3 in energy storage density, even taking into consideration the enlargement of total capacitor volumes while encapsulating practicable capacitors from dielectrics media.     

填充床电化学反应器处理甲基橙废水影响因素研究

采用活性炭(AC)填充型电化学反应器模拟甲基橙废水进行实验研究,分析不同阳极类型对甲基橙废水色度和化学需氧量(COD)去除效率的影响.实验结果显示,PbO2/Ti阳极较RuO2/Ti、IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti阳极对甲基橙废水具有更好的脱色及COD降解效率,经150min电催化氧化,色度及COD去除率分别可达98.14%和54.22%.在此基础上,采用单因素实验方法,研究甲基橙初始浓度、电解质质量浓度及电流密度对甲基橙废水电催化氧化效率的影响,并计算不同电流密度下体系的电流效率(ACE)及能耗(Esp).结果表明,在甲基橙初始浓度200mg/L,电解质质量浓度3%,电流密度30A/m2时,色度及COD去除率最高达98.89%和55.28%,ACE最高为65.86%,能耗最低为COD:11.19kWh/kg.     

Novel Megalo-capacitance Capacitor Using Graphitic Carbons

1 Results During the past years,EDLC (electric double layer capacitors) using activated carbon (AC) as polarizable electrodes have receive great attention in the electric energy storage community because of the advantages of high power density,long cycle life and benignity towards environment,etc..However,one disadvantage must be solved before its further applications.That is the low energy density.Many attempts have been tried to increasing the surface area between 1 000-2 000 m2/g using alkaline or wa...