社鼠和针毛鼠线粒体DNA序列的歧异及其系统进化关系

社鼠和针毛鼠是有着广泛地理分布的山地鼠种,它们的一些形态特征及核型明显有别于同属的其它鼠类.社鼠的亚种--雷琼社鼠局限于分布在广东省西部地区和海南省,它的形态特征多似社鼠,但也有少数特征相似于针毛鼠.对于社鼠和针毛鼠的分类地位及社鼠亚种的分化一直有着各种讨论.本研究进行了社鼠和雷琼社鼠以及针毛鼠龙门种群和香港种群的细胞色素b (264个核苷酸位点)和12S rRNA (387个核苷酸位点)基因片段的测序.社鼠与雷琼社鼠线粒体的细胞色素b基因片段间包含有19个变异位点、12S rRNA 基因片段间包含11个变异位点和2个插入/缺失位点.针毛鼠的2个种群间的细胞色素b 和12S rRNA 基因片段分别包含了3个和11个变异位点.通过邻接法和最大简约法重建的系统进化关系表明:雷琼社鼠与社鼠有着紧密的亲缘关系,它的亚种地位得到了线粒体DNA序列证据的肯定.针毛鼠龙门种群和香港种群细胞色素b和12S rRNA 基因片段序列的歧异反映出两个种群由于长期的地理隔离及其所经历自然选择的结果.     

2种三疣梭子蟹居群线粒体Cyt b和S-rRNA基因片段序列变异研究

目的：通过对2种三疣梭子蟹居群样线粒体C弘b和S-rRNA基因片段的序列分析,探讨其遗传变异,为种质资源的管理、保存和利用提供依据．方法：采集山东潍坊和福建厦门两个不同居群的三疣梭子蟹样,提取其线粒体DNA．由Genebank获得三疣梭子蟹完整线粒体DNA序列（登陆号：NC_005037）,设计扩增Cyt b和S-rRNA基因片段引物,经PCR扩增获得预期产物,纯化后测序．结果：以提取的线粒体DNA为模板扩增出特异性强的Cyt b和S-rRNA基因片段,与预期条带长度429bp和465bp吻合;2个基因片段的AT含量均高于GC含量;Cyt b基因片段有3个位点发生了突变,S-rRNA只有1个位点发生了突变;在两种居群的4个突变位点中,2个位置突变为相同的碱基,且所有突变位点均呈转换方式．结论：Cyt b基因序列比S-rRNA基因序列具有相对高的突变率;研究的2个基因片段的突变位点的碱基置换主要呈转换方式;来自2个三疣梭子蟹居群样本的线粒体S-rRNA基因的突变发生在同一位点且突变为相同碱基,表明2个居群具有较近的亲缘关系．     

从Cytb基因序列探讨蝽类部分昆虫的系统发生

通过对蝽总科18种昆虫线粒体DNA细胞色素6基因部分序列进行PCR扩增和序列测定，比较其同源性，统计密码子使用频率并应用生物学软件构建系统发育树．在获得的432bp序列中，碱基T，C，A和G的平均含量分别为37．4％，18．8％，31．8％和12．0％，表现出强烈的AT偏向性．就每个氨基酸密码子采看，第3位点的A＋T含量较高，达到83．6％．谊序列片段中共有215个核苷酸位点发生变异（约占49．8％），种间变异较大．在氨基酸组成上，共编码144个氨基酸。其中有47个发生变异。变异率为32．7％．碱基替换主要发生在密码子第3位点，转换略多于颠换．以筛豆龟蝽（Megacopta cribraria）为外群构建的系统发育树支持荔蝽、盾蝽作为独立的科与蝽科并列，滴蝽从蝽亚科划出归属于舌盾蝽亚科，但蝽科内各亚科间及蝽亚科各族间的系统进化关系与传统的形态分类结果不完全一致，还有待于进一步研究．     

柽柳沙鼠Cytochrome b基因的克隆和进化分析

目的对柽柳沙鼠线粒体Cyt b基因全序列进行测定,并对其进行鉴定及进化分析。方法根据已知柽柳沙鼠基因序列设计引物,采用PCR产物测序法,对目的片段进行测序鉴定。结合已公布啮齿类动物Cyt b基因序列,分析其碱基组成、遗传距离、并基于极大似然法和最大简约法构建系统进化树。结果获得柽柳沙鼠线粒体Cyt b基因全序列,其与长爪沙鼠和子午沙鼠均具有较高的同源性;进化分析结果显示,柽柳沙鼠与沙鼠属和仓鼠科动物遗传距离较近。柽柳沙鼠Cyt b基因碱基组成与沙鼠属和家鼠属动物相似,具有哺乳动物mt DNA基因特点。结论本研究为以柽柳沙鼠Cyt b基因序列为参考,初步计算了柽柳沙鼠与沙鼠属、家鼠属、仓鼠科及其它啮齿动物的进化关系,本研究为柽柳沙鼠及沙鼠属动物进化、线粒体的结构和功能研究奠定基础。     

鲇细胞色素b基因序列分析

对4个种群的鲇（Silurus asotus）的线粒体DNA（mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA）细胞色素b（cytochrome b,Cytb）基因片段的500bp序列进行测定,经Clustal X同源排序后得400bp序列．结果表明：鲇种群内碱基的变异较低,雅砻江和涣阳河种群均为0,岷江种群为0．25％,乌江种群为1．25％．雅砻江和澳阳河种群只有1种单倍型,岷江和乌江种群有2种单倍型但单倍型间变异位点很少．雅砻江和涣阳河种群内无变异位点,岷江种群仅有1个变异位点,乌江种群有5个变异位点．结论：细胞色素b基因在鲇种群内是比较保守的,种群间的变异较大．     

基于线粒体DNA序列分析研究泰山赤鳞鱼的分类和进化

泰山赤鳞鱼作为一种古老而分布特异的鲤科鱼种,其分类和进化地位尚存在很多争议.利用PCR方法克隆了泰山赤鳞鱼线粒体DNA的12S,16SrRNA、细胞色素b和ATP酶8/6基因序列,分析了碱基组成变异和核苷酸序列差异,并与鲤科其它属种的同源序列进行比较,发现所有基因都是(A+T)%(G+C)%.蛋白编码基因在第三位点是G缺失基因,并集中在第三位点发生替换突变.利用最小进化法(ME)和邻接法(NJ)构建了系统进化树.结果表明,泰山赤鳞鱼不属于突吻鱼属,而是更接近倒刺鲃属和鲃属.利用细胞色素b序列计算并推断泰山赤鳞鱼可能起源于1 600万年前的中新世中期.     

蓝鳃太阳鱼与绿色太阳鱼细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列片段分析

用酚/氯仿提取法提取了蓝鳃太阳鱼、绿色太阳鱼肌肉组织的总DNA,利用特异引物进行PCR扩增,得到1 119bp Cyt b基因片段,纯化后送上海生工测序。所得序列用Mega3.1软件分析,并结合GenBank中其余9种太阳鲈属鱼类Cyt b基因序列用NJ法构建太阳鲈属鱼类系统发育树。结果表明：（1）蓝鳃太阳鱼与绿色太阳鱼序列相似度为82.3%,变异位点198个,平均转换/颠换比为2.1;（2）蓝鳃太阳鱼与L.humilis亲缘关系较近,绿色太阳鱼与L.symmetricus亲缘关系较近,蓝鳃太阳鱼与绿色太阳鱼遗传距离为0.206。     

SARS冠状病毒基因片段变异分析

采用基因序列和生物信息分析法，研究了SARS-CoV复制酶基因中4个片段。结果发现，片段Ⅰ与已报道的SARS冠状病毒ZJ01有2个位点不同，片段Ⅲ与CUHK-W1、CUHK-Su1O、HKU-39849和Hong-Kong各有1个位点的差别；片段Ⅳ与GZ01间有1个位点的变化。同时对已公布的17个全基因组序列进行比对分析。可找到共137个变异位点，其中仅出现1次的变异位点119个，间约信息位点18个。     

日本囊对虾群体遗传多样性的线粒体序列分析

对日本囊对虾的3个养殖群体即浙江舟山群体(ZJ)、福建群体(FJ)和台湾群体(TW)的线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅲ基因进行PCR扩增,得到577 bp的核苷酸分析序列,AT含量高于GC含量,发现51个变异位点,其中包括18个简约信息位点,共有31种单倍型。福建群体的核苷酸多样性最高。用MEGA软件中的NJ法构建日本囊对虾3群体与另外5种对虾的系统进化关系,日本囊对虾的3个群体首先聚在一起,再与亲缘关系较近的中国明对虾聚在一起。     

基于rDNA部分序列的亚洲小车蝗遗传多样性分析

以核糖体DNA序列中一段基因为目的片段,对内蒙古地区15个地点的75个亚洲小车蝗样本进行了DNA序列的遗传多样性分析,通过与GenBank中已知蝗虫的核糖体DNA序列的对比、剪切得到288bp的目的片段序列.分析结果表明:在目的片段序列中共检测到19个变异位点,其中包括16个置换(11个颠换和5个转换)和3个碱基插入,占碱基总数的6.60%;目的序列显示出一定的GC偏好性.15个种群的FST在0.050 6~0.402 8之间,均值为0.149 5;基因流(Nm)在0.231 2~5.933 6之间,均值为1.988 0,表明15个小车蝗种群间存在遗传分化,基因交流处于中等水平.正镶白旗小车蝗种群的核苷酸多样性指数(Pi)和平均核苷酸差异数(K)在15个种群中最大,分别为0.028 0和8.000 0,表明正镶白旗种群相对于其他14个地理种群的种内变异度最高.在所测的75条序列中共有8种单倍型,其中正镶白旗和四子王旗小车蝗独享的两个单倍型与其他单倍型差异较大,表明正镶白旗和四子王旗的部分小车蝗个体的遗传变异度较大.Mantel检验表明,15个小车蝗种群的遗传距离与地理距离无显著的相关关系.     

Three loci related to the src oncogene and tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity in Drosophila

Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) is an acutely oncogenic avian retrovirus which induces sarcomas in animals and transforms fibroblasts in cell culture. Genetic analysis indicates that the viral src gene (v-src) mediates neoplastic transformation. The product of v-src is a 60,000 molecular weight (MW) phosphoprotein (pp60v-src) possessing the enzymatic activity of a tyrosine-specific protein kinase. The viral src gene is derived from a cellular gene (c-src) which also encodes a 60,000 MW phosphoprotein (pp60c-src) with tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity. Both birds and mammals are known to possess c-src. Shilo and Weinberg have reported that the genome of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, contains nucleotide sequences that are homologous to v-src. We report here the molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of three loci from the Drosophila genome that contain such sequences. We also show that Drosophila contain both phosphotyrosine and a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity immunoprecipitated by antisera directed against pp60v-src. It should now be possible to identify the precise locus that encodes a src-specific protein kinase in Drosophila, and to explore the role of c-src in the growth and development of D. melanogaster.     

Levels of naturally occurring DNA polymorphism correlate with recombination rates in D. melanogaster.

Two genomic regions with unusually low recombination rates in Drosophila melanogaster have normal levels of divergence but greatly reduced nucleotide diversity, apparently resulting from the fixation of advantageous mutations and the associated hitch-hiking effect. Here we show that for 20 gene regions from across the genome, the amount of nucleotide diversity in natural populations of D. melanogaster is positively correlated with the regional rate of recombination. This cannot be explained by variation in mutation rates and/or functional constraint, because we observe no correlation between recombination rates and DNA sequence divergence between D. melanogaster and its sibling species, D. simulans. We suggest that the correlation may result from genetic hitch-hiking associated with the fixation of advantageous mutants. Hitch-hiking thus seems to occur over a large fraction of the Drosophila genome and may constitute a major constraint on levels of genetic variation in nature.     

The Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel

A major challenge of biology is understanding the relationship between molecular genetic variation and variation in quantitative traits, including fitness. This relationship determines our ability to predict phenotypes from genotypes and to understand how evolutionary forces shape variation within and between species. Previous efforts to dissect the genotype-phenotype map were based on incomplete genotypic information. Here, we describe the Drosophila melanogaster Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP), a community resource for analysis of population genomics and quantitative traits. The DGRP consists of fully sequenced inbred lines derived from a natural population. Population genomic analyses reveal reduced polymorphism in centromeric autosomal regions and the X chromosome, evidence for positive and negative selection, and rapid evolution of the X chromosome. Many variants in novel genes, most at low frequency, are associated with quantitative traits and explain a large fraction of the phenotypic variance. The DGRP facilitates genotype-phenotype mapping using the power of Drosophila genetics.     

Variation in the reversibility of evolution

How reversible is adaptive evolution? Studies of microbes give mixed answers to this question. Reverse evolution has been little studied in sexual populations, even though the population genetics of sexual populations may be quite different. In the present study, 25 diverged replicated populations of Drosophila melanogaster are returned to a common ancestral environment for 50 generations. Here we show that reverse evolution back to the ancestral state occurs, but is not universal, instead depending on previous evolutionary history and the character studied. Hybrid populations showed no greater tendency to undergo successful reverse evolution, suggesting that insufficient genetic variation was not the factor limiting reverse evolution. Adaptive reverse evolution is a contingent process which occurs with only 50 generations of sexual reproduction.     

A genome-wide transgenic RNAi library for conditional gene inactivation in Drosophila

Forward genetic screens in model organisms have provided important insights into numerous aspects of development, physiology and pathology. With the availability of complete genome sequences and the introduction of RNA-mediated gene interference (RNAi), systematic reverse genetic screens are now also possible. Until now, such genome-wide RNAi screens have mostly been restricted to cultured cells and ubiquitous gene inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans. This powerful approach has not yet been applied in a tissue-specific manner. Here we report the generation and validation of a genome-wide library of Drosophila melanogaster RNAi transgenes, enabling the conditional inactivation of gene function in specific tissues of the intact organism. Our RNAi transgenes consist of short gene fragments cloned as inverted repeats and expressed using the binary GAL4/UAS system. We generated 22,270 transgenic lines, covering 88% of the predicted protein-coding genes in the Drosophila genome. Molecular and phenotypic assays indicate that the majority of these transgenes are functional. Our transgenic RNAi library thus opens up the prospect of systematically analysing gene functions in any tissue and at any stage of the Drosophila lifespan.     

The genome sequence of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa

Neurospora crassa is a central organism in the history of twentieth-century genetics, biochemistry and molecular biology. Here, we report a high-quality draft sequence of the N. crassa genome. The approximately 40-megabase genome encodes about 10,000 protein-coding genes--more than twice as many as in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe and only about 25% fewer than in the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster. Analysis of the gene set yields insights into unexpected aspects of Neurospora biology including the identification of genes potentially associated with red light photobiology, genes implicated in secondary metabolism, and important differences in Ca2+ signalling as compared with plants and animals. Neurospora possesses the widest array of genome defence mechanisms known for any eukaryotic organism, including a process unique to fungi called repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). Genome analysis suggests that RIP has had a profound impact on genome evolution, greatly slowing the creation of new genes through genomic duplication and resulting in a genome with an unusually low proportion of closely related genes.     

黑腹果蝇种组组蛋白基因间内含子区的分子进化

通过分析黑腹果蝇种组(Drosophila melanogasterspecies group)9个种亚组代表种和D.pseudoobscura的组蛋白基因H2A和H2B的内含子的碱基组成、替换速率、转换/颠换比、二级结构和系统发育关系等发现:整个序列长度变异范围在201 bp(ficusphila)到232 bp(takahashii)之间,替换速率为0.82,转换明显高于颠换,内含子和外显子结合区不遵循“GT-AG”和“AT-AC”模式,而是“TT-AG”模式,二级结构与系统分化关系具有相关性.我们认为组蛋白基因H2A和H2B的内含子是先起源的,在进化过程中由于承受的选择压力不同而发生了变异.