黄土高原DEM分辨率对提取坡度精度的影响

在黄土高原选取代表不同地貌类型的延川、绥德、富县3个研究样区,以及1∶1万地形图所建立的不同水平分辨率数字高程模型(DEM)为研究对象,分别分析每一大样区不同水平分辨率DEM所提取坡度的面积误差变化规律.提出面积百分比加权总体误差和面积百分比平均总体误差的指标,在每一大样区随机选取20个试验样区,得到两项误差指标与水平分辨率的线性函数关系.根据线性函数关系,由已知误差求得所需要的水平分辨率范围,并在每一大样区的16个随机检验样区通过检验.线性函数关系模型的建立,可望为实际工作选取适宜的水平分辨率提供依据,对于在保证精度的条件下节约成本,减小数据量具有一定意义.文中最后提出,所指出的两项指标不适用于风沙-黄土过渡区域.     

采用数据可听化的地形剖面线分析方法

提出一种使用音高和时值对沿分水线布设的地形剖面线进行分析的方法.以5 m分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)数据为基础,选取神木县、绥德县、延川县、富县县、宜君县、淳化县等6个典型研究样区,并选择安塞样区对实验结果进行验证.研究结果表明:6个样区分水线剖面线的声音指标存在差异,其声音模式与实际地貌类型存在明显的对应关系;7个声音指标可以直接进行地貌类型的区分,安塞与绥德样区地貌类型最接近,欧式距离为最小值48.456.说明声音指标可以用来分析分水线剖面线特征,比单一的高程信息蕴涵更多的地形起伏、转折信息,可以从乐理角度整体刻画地貌类型.     

不同空间尺度DEM坡度转换图谱分析

从地理学的宏观与实际需求的角度出发，选择代表黄土高原典型地貌类型(黄土丘陵沟壑区、破碎塬区、梁峁区)的3个样区作为试验区．试验以1：10000高精度地形图的5m空间分辨率DEM(数字高程模型)所提取的地面坡度为准值，运用GIS、数理统计和比较分析等方法，研究基于1：50000地形图的25m空间分辨率DEM所提取地面坡度的误差特征与纠正方法．文中应用地学信息图谱的理论和方法．经过反复实验、分析，找到一个精度较理想的，可适用于黄土高原不同地貌类型的坡度转换图谱．同时．利用它实现对基于1：50000地形图的25m空间分辨率DEM提取地面坡度统计值的误差纠正，为其应用精度提供参考标准和依据．此外，它也可以为各类DEM的适用性、应用精度的科学估算．以及有关标准的制定，提供科学依据。     

种-面积曲线三种扩大样地面积的方法比较

本文以雾灵山低山区的人工油松林为例,对种-面积曲线确定植物群落最小面积时,随机设置不同面积样方、逐步扩大样地面积和随机相同面积小样方相加的三种扩大样地面积的方法进行了比较研究.随机设置不同面积样方的方法最佳,研究样地人工油松林群落最小面积为700~750 m2.种-面积曲线的最佳拟合方程为S=6.217 8×ln(2.298 0×A+1),最小面积的最佳拟合方程为A=﹛eSt6.2178-1﹜/2.2980.植物群落最小面积的确定应充分考虑群落的组成、演替等情况,应适当动态调整最小面积值.     

计算机辅助的瑞奇-康芒检验

本文介绍如何通过计算机光线追迹模拟瑞奇-康芒(Ritchey-Common)检验,找出被检平面镜面形误差与检验系统波象差之间的相互关系,建立一组影响函数。根据分别在两个不同瑞奇角下求得的影响函数和测出的系统波象差,通过最小二乘法求解一组过定线性方程,即可求得被检平面镜的面形误差。文中给出了一块直径为1m的高精度平面镜的检测实例。     

随机森林分类方法在储层岩性识别中的应用

为通过测井数据对储层岩性进行精确的识别,选取自然伽马、声波时差、岩石体积密度、中子密度、微球形聚焦测井、深侧向、浅侧向等7种测井参数作为判别指标.对相关性较高的指标进行因子分析,提取公共因子作为随机森林模型的输入,建立基于因子分析和随机森林的储层岩性判别模型.利用20组测井数据作为学习样本进行训练,并采用回代估计法进行检验,误判率为1/10.用另外8组数据作为测试样本进行模型检验.结果表明:所得判别模型泛化误差满足精度要求,检验结果的误判率为1/8.     

基于SPOT影像和地面样方的一季稻晚稻遥感监测

利用SPOT卫星影像数据和地面样方数据提取一季稻晚稻种植面积的相对变化率,解决单靠遥感进行一季稻晚稻种植面积监测产生的信息误差,以湖北省一季稻晚稻种植面积为研究区,选取一季稻晚稻光谱特征显著的7 8月份SPOT卫星数据作为遥感数据源,对比分析2009年和2010年湖北省一季稻晚稻种植面积的动态变化,结果表明,湖北省一季稻晚稻种植面积总体变化率为-1.39％.     

基于支持向量机模型的滑坡危险性评价

以长安区为研究区,在分析研究区地质环境条件以及滑坡发育特征的基础上,选取12类因子作为评价指标,通过Spearman对各因子之间的相关性进行分析;分别采用线性核函数(LN)、多项式核函数(PL)、径向基核函数(RBF)、Sigmoid核函数下的支持向量机模型对研究区地质灾害危险性进行评价,利用ArcGIS软件生成最终的危险性评价结果图,将评价结果图划分为四个危险等级,分别为极高危险区、高危险区、中危险区、低危险区;不同核函数下的支持向量机模型经ROC曲线验证得到:RBF-SVM模型的预测精度最高,此核函数下的支持向量机模型更适应于该研究区滑坡灾害危险性评价中。研究结论可以为类似地质环境条件下区域地质灾害危险性评价模型的选取提供参考。     

南极海冰总覆盖范围与面积的不确定性研究

目前,被动微波遥感数据已经成为提取极区海冰密集度的重要手段,其获取的海冰密集度产品不可避免的存在误差,这样的误差进而会引起南极海冰总覆盖范围和总覆盖面积的不确定性.利用蒙特卡洛方法对海冰密集度产品进行误差的模拟,对随机模拟影像进行统计分析,利用变异系数等指标量化随机误差带给南极海冰总覆盖范围和面积的不确定性.实验发现,当海冰密集度误差较小时,海冰覆盖范围的不确定性相比面积更大;当误差较大时,结论则相反.并且两者的不确定性都与分辨率和季节有关,分辨率越高,不确定性则越小,冬季比夏季的不确定性要小.     

非平衡单向分类随机效应模型的异常值检验

研究了非平衡单向分类随机效应模型中多个异常值的检验问题.分别在随机效应及误差变量上的均值滑动模型下,给出了得分检验统计量的具体形式及近似分布.通过随机模拟,证实了方法的有效性.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.