各向异性油藏中五点井网的变形作用

针对各向异性油藏中水驱开发的研究主要集中于各向异性方向垂直或平行于井网单元中任意两口井的连线方向等特殊的情形,而对于其他布井方向的研究相对缺乏的这种情况,采用坐标变换方法将各向异性油藏转化为各向同性油藏,然后利用流线方法计算正五点井网的开发指标,分析了各向异性程度和方向对水驱开发效果的影响。结果表明,在各向异性油藏中,各向异性程度越大,井网的变形程度也越大;当井网单元中任意两口井的连线与渗透率主轴方向既不平行又不垂直时,井网开发效果对各向异性程度的变化反应十分敏感,井网单元可能会发生的破坏和重组现象,这种破坏和重组现象是各向异性方向和大小两者共同作用的结果,从而造成了井网开发效果的不确定性。为了有效避免可能发生的井网的破坏和重组现象,布井时最好选择注水井生产井方向或者注水井注水井方向平行或者垂直于渗透率主轴方向。     

基于渗透率张量的各向异性油藏两相渗流数值模拟

针对油藏中存在的渗透率各向异性问题,建立全渗透率张量的油水两相渗流数学模型,利用有限元方法在空间域上进行离散,采用隐式差分格式在时间域上离散,得到地层中不同位置处的压力和含水饱和度变化规律。结果表明:各向异性油藏中的注水前缘与各向同性油藏有明显不同,主要沿渗透率主值较大的方向推进;渗透率主值较大方向与注采井连线夹角较小,注入水推进较快,生产井见水较早;注入水前缘的前进方向和速度受各向异性地带渗透率主轴方向和渗透率主值的影响,各区域内注入水沿渗透率主值较大的方向驱替速度较快。     

断块油藏注水见效类型研究

针对Q2断块油藏注水见效差别大、生产井含水上升不一的难题,应用动态生产资料和示踪剂,结合油藏静态模型,进行水驱效果分析研究。将Q2断块沙二段注水井的见效类型划分成物性分布主连续性（主变程）方向、物性分布次连续性（次变程）方向、裂缝发育方向、裂缝发育末端与储层相对高渗延伸方向、开启式断层延伸方向五种。当生产井与注水井同处在物性分布主要连续方向时,生产井见效效果好。应避免在开启式断层附近钻注水井。通过分析各小层生产井与注水井的动态,认识到沙二段I油组注采关系对应程度差,动用程度低,而II油组各层注采关系对应程度好一些,动用程度较高。     

低渗透各向异性油藏中五点井网优化

各向异性的存在会使五点井网中位于不同方向上的生产井见水时间各不相同,造成井网的不均匀驱替,为了改善井网水驱开发效果,需要对常规五点井网进行优化设计。基于非达西渗流公式和流线积分方法,推导了各向异性油藏中考虑启动压力梯度的生产井见水时间公式,通过使位于不同渗透率方向上的生产井的见水时间相同,求得了不同方向上的注采井距之间的关系。研究表明:当井网中所有生产井工作制度均相同时,注采井距的优化主要受各向异性程度的影响,而注采压差和启动压力梯度对它的影响并不大;此外,当井网中的注采井距均已确定的情况下,还可以通过改变不同生产井与注水井之间的注采压差以达到井网均匀驱替的目的。研究成果为低渗透各向异性油藏中五点井网的合理开发提供了理论设计参考依据。     

高含水油田大孔道特征及控制机理分析——以陇东地区延9油组为例

综合研究区不同时期的测井、分析化验、生产动态等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延9油组注水开发前后储层的特征进行对比研究,分析注水开发后大孔道发育的特征,从层内、平面、微观、层间非均质性4个方面,厘清储层非均质性对大孔道发育的控制机理。研究认为,大孔道发育是沉积、成岩作用与长期注水共同作用的结果;优势岩相分布的河道下部、心滩是延9油组大孔道形成的主要层段;单层层内渗透率大于30×10~(-3)μm~2、渗透率级差大于9、超邻层数倍的相对吸水量,是大孔道发育的一般特征;沿主河道、心滩主流线方向的井间是大孔道分布的集中区域;高岭石含量变化可以作为陇东地区大孔道形成的重要指示标志。同时,以模糊数学方法为基础,选取微相类型、比吸水指数、渗透率、渗透率级差、相对吸水量5个代表储层非均质性的参数,对陇东地区延9油组大孔道发育概率进行分类评价,可为相近储层条件的其他油田的开发提供参考。     

渗透率各向异性油藏的开发对策研究

渗透率各向异性是储层、尤其是河流相储层的基本性质,它对油藏的有效开采会产生一定的负面影响。在注水保持地层能量的开发过程中,注入流体沿高渗透率方向优先推进,导致不同方向上的生产井见水时间差别较大,致使驱替过程很不均衡,从而影响油藏开发效果。针对上述问题,基于渗流力学理论,提出了井距控制法和注采压差控制法两种应对措施,并用数值模拟方法检验了这两种对策的有效性。验证结果表明,井距控制法和注采压差控制法能促使注入流体在储层中的均衡驱替,因而能保证不同方向上的油井见水时间的一致性,从而可以有效地抑制渗透率各向异性的负面影响。     

基于井间动态连通性模型的注采参数优化方法

水驱油田开发过程中,由于储层非均质性以及注采参数与井网不匹配,造成优势通道发育,注入水低效无效循环严重.为了对注采井间各方向优势通道进行定量描述,基于物质平衡理论与叠加原理,在考虑井底流压变化的基础上,建立了油藏井间动态连通性反演模型——阻容模型,并运用人工蜂群算法进行求解,通过模型求解得到了不同注采井间的连通系数,经验证该系数合理表征了油藏井间动态连通程度.针对优势通道发育造成注水井在各注采方向上水驱不均衡、剩余油饱和度分布差异较大的问题,基于最优化理论,以当前各生产井含水率条件下生产井总产油量最大为目标函数,结合油水井动态生产数据,建立一种基于井间动态连通性模型的注采参数优化方法,并利用优化算法对该模型进行求解.实例应用表明:利用本文方法优化注采参数后,含水率得到明显控制,注入水驱替效率明显提高,并且本文方法仅需要油水井的动态生产资料,简单实用,对矿场具有较高的应用价值.     

煤层气藏强化开采各向异性力学性质分析

针对煤层多重孔隙系统空间非连续分布、力学属性各向异性的特点,综合考虑注气强化开采过程中多组份多过程物质运移特征,构建了正交各向异性等效连续煤层流固耦合模型,据此进一步剖析了煤层各向异性力学性质及其对孔渗参数与注采能力的影响。煤层各向异性的力学属性,导致开发过程中储层水平应力与应变的动态变化存在明显的方向性特征,沿力学强度或杨氏模量大的方向变化相对较大,进而带来裂缝宽度、渗透率及其变化的方向性差异,同时致使孔隙度、渗透率以及气体吸附浓度空间分布的非均质性,最终造成与横观各向同性介质不同的煤层气生产与CO2注入预测结果。研究成果对煤层气开发过程中孔渗参数及注采能力的准确预测具有重要意义。     

基于均衡驱替理念的水驱油藏注采设计方法

制定科学合理的注采方案是水驱油藏的一项核心任务,需要充分考虑油藏储层和开发的动静态非均质特征,影响因素多,量化决策难。为此,从油藏开发基本理论出发,以减小驱替不均衡为目的,推导建立了非均质油藏在定液量和定压差两种不同生产方式下的注采参数设计公式,分析了储层动、静态参数对注采参数设计的影响规律,形成了非均质油藏均衡注采设计新方法。利用算例对比分析了传统方法和新方法的差异,最后开展了矿场应用分析。研究明确了油水井注采设计受井距、孔隙度、渗透率、当前含水饱和度等因素的影响规律,指出高含水期油藏注采设计对于当前含水饱和度的敏感性显著提升;同等条件下,均衡注采设计新方法要优于传统方法。矿场应用实践表明,采用新方法设计的注采方案,目标井组日增油0.9 t,含水下降0.3%,日无效注水减少37.5m 3,井组吨油耗水量和运行成本也大大降低,有效支撑了油藏经济高效开发。     

毛管压力对低渗透油藏渗流规律和开发动态的影响

为了解决低渗透油田生产过程中出现的采液指数随含水饱和度的增加而下降这个理论上难以解释的问题,通过理论推导和现场生产数据的分析。结果表明:低渗透油田的开发动态与高渗透油田的相比具有明显不同的特征,在低渗透油田中,采液指数随含水饱和度的增加而下降,这不符合一般的渗流规律。根据考虑毛管压力时计算相对采液指数和相对采油指数的理论公式,可以发现造成低渗透油田生产井见水后采液指数急剧下降的原因可能是低渗透油藏的储层岩石结构致密,孔喉半径小,毛管压力大,对两相渗流干扰显著,导致油水两相相对渗透率的下降。该成果从机理上解释了低渗透油田中采液指数随含水率的增加而下降这一宏观现象。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

Perspherical Approaches for Electrons in Atoms and Charged Excitons in Quantum Wells

Instead of following Fock’s expansion,we solve the Schrodinger equation for some quantum mechanical manybody systems such as electrons in atoms and charged excitons in quantum wells in a similar way in hyperspherical coordinates by expanding the wave functions into orthonormal complete basis sets of the hyperspherical hannonics(HHs)of hyperangles and generalized Laguerre polynomials(GLPs)of the hyperradius.This leads the equation to     

Advances in broadband wireless communications under high-mobility scenarios

Future mobile communication systems aim at providing very high data transmission rates, even in high-mobility scenarios such as high-speed wheel-track trains, maglev trains, highway vehicles, airplanes, guided missiles or spacecraft. A particularly important commercial application is the strong and increasing worldwide demand for high- speed broadband wireless communications （up to 574.8 km/ h test speeds or 380 km/h commercial speeds） in railways, providing data, voice and video services for applications such as onboard entertainment services to passengers, train control, train dispatch, train sensor status handling and sur- veillance. In such high-mobility scenarios, there are a number of communication challenges, including fast hand- over, location updating, high-speed channel modeling, estimation and equalization, anti-Doppler spreading tech- niques, fast power control, and dedicated network architec- ture. Because signal transmission in very high-speed scenarios will inevitably experience serious deterioration, it is imperative to develop key broadband mobile communi- cation techniques for such high-speed vehicles.     

Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences TOTAL CONTENTS

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海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Scale-based spatial data model for GIS

Being the primary media of geographical information and the elementary objects manipulated, almost all of maps adopt the layer-based model to represent geographic information in the existent GIS. However, it is difficult to extend the map represented in layer-based model. Furthermore, in Web-Based GIS, It is slow to transmit the spatial data for map viewing. In this paper, for solving the questions above, we have proposed a new method for representing the spatial data. That is scale-based model. In this model we represent maps in three levels: scale-view, block, and spatial object, and organize the maps in a set of map layers, named Scale-View, which associates some given scales.Lastly, a prototype Web-Based GIS using the proposed spatial data representation is described briefly.     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to