稠油油藏化学驱采收率的影响因素

采用烷基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐和羧基甜菜碱两类两性表面活性剂与碱复配构建具有不同界面张力特点的驱油体系,通过驱油试验评价不同体系对桩西稠油采收率的影响,采用微观驱替试验研究不同体系提高采收率的机制。结果表明:界面张力与采收率没有明显的对应关系;碱通过维持油、水、固三相接触点亲油性和降低油水界面张力,减弱驱替介质沿油与岩石之间的渗入,增强驱替介质从原油中心的突进和分散,提高驱替压力和波及体积;相比于碱和原油反应产生的表面活性剂,外加的表面活性剂亲水性较强,会增强固体表面的亲水性,导致驱油剂沿孔隙壁面突进;表面活性剂-碱体系与原油形成的细分散水包油型乳状液加剧了驱油剂的窜进,不利于提高波及系数;对于稠油油藏,化学驱体系的波及系数是提高采收率的关键因素。     

碱与表面活性剂在油水界面上的协同作用

通过对比油/碱(O/A)、油/碱-表面活性剂(O/AS)体系的动态界面张力,发现加入碱降低油水界面张力(DIFT_(min)),而高碱浓度下,界面张力反而升高;加入表面活性剂后,低碱浓度时界面张力升高,而高碱浓度下体系的界面张力显著降低.通过对比相同离子浓度下NaOH与NaOH-NaCl溶液与重油的界面张力发现,OH-也对高碱浓度下界面张力的升高具有重要的影响;通过测定油碱作用后从油相扩散至水相的总碳含量(TOC)的变化,发现油相扩散至水相的组分的量增加.综合考虑上述实验结果,认为NaOH和外加表面活性剂在油水界面上的协同作用为:NaOH与重油潜在的界面活性物质作用生成原位表面活性剂,外加表面活性剂取代原位表面活性剂在油水界面上发生吸附,促进原位界面活性物质离开油水界面,从而使得原油中潜在的界面活性物质得以与原油反应,进而生成更多的原位界面活性物质从而降低油水界面张力.     

季铵盐型表面活性剂的驱油机理研究

研究了季铵盐型表面活性剂的驱油机理:表面张力和界面张力、表面润湿性、表面电性。认为在用季铵盐型表面活性剂驱油时,存在低界面张力机理,润湿反转机理和表面电性反转机理。在驱油剂浓度达到600 mg•L-1时,采收率可提高5%~6%。可以推测,具有吸附性的阳离子表面活性剂都可有这几种驱油机理,并具有一定的驱油潜力。     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系,通过流变性实验,分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物/表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响;通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验,分析了聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.结果表明,实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力,表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小.在驱替水驱残余油过程中,形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂/聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用,使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系,并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大,采收率越高.界面张力由10-2 mN/m降至10-3 mN/m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10-2 mN/m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率.     

聚合物/甜菜碱表面活性剂提高水驱后残余油采收率研究

利用不加碱可形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系，通过流变性实验，分析了甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚合物／表面活性剂二元复合体系流变性的影响；通过可视化的微观驱油实验和人造岩心驱油实验，分析了聚合物／表面活性剂二元体系的粘弹性和界面张力对采收率的影响，研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理。结果表明，实验用的两性表面活性剂体系与油可以达到超低界面张力，表面活性剂体系对无碱二元体系的粘弹性影响非常小。在驱替水驱残余油过程中，形成超低界面张力的甜菜碱表面活性剂／聚丙烯酰胺二元复合体系可以同时发挥活性剂的超低界面张力作用和聚合物溶液的粘弹性作用，使该二元体系的采收率高于单一的表面活性剂体系和聚合物驱油体系，并且该二元体系的粘弹性越大，采收率越高。界面张力由10^-2mN／m降至10^-3mN／m时的最终采收率均高于界面张力为10^-2mN／m时增加聚合物溶液的质量浓度和相对分子质量两种情况下的最终采收率。     

港西三区聚表二元驱中表面活性剂优化筛选

聚表二元驱是最具有发展潜力的三次采油技术,对其表面活性剂的优化筛选的研究有利于提高其驱油效果。针对大港油田港西三区,研究了4种不同类型的表面活性剂的二元体系对原油的界面张力性能、润湿性能、乳化性能、洗油性能,为现场优化筛选表面活性剂提供了依据。结果表明:KPS界面张力较小,但改变润湿性能力、乳化能力、洗油能力最强;DWS-3界面张力最低,改变润湿性能力、乳化能力、洗油能力较强;甜菜碱界面张力较小,改变润湿性的能力、乳化能、洗油能力较弱;十二烷基磺酸钠界面张力最大,且改变润湿性能力、乳化能力、洗油能力最弱;考虑到采出液破乳问题及经济效应,建议港西三区聚表二元驱采用表面活性剂DWS-3。     

裂缝性致密砂岩油藏渗吸驱油效果影响因素

裂缝性致密砂岩储层物性较差,非均质性强,且发育微裂缝,注水开发效果较差,渗吸驱油作为致密油储层水驱采油的一种主要机理受到越来越多的关注。室内以鄂尔多斯盆地某油田裂缝性致密砂岩储层天然岩心为研究对象,通过自发渗吸实验,评价了原油黏度、注入水矿化度、温度、渗透率、润湿性以及表面活性剂对渗吸驱油效果的影响。结果表明,原油黏度越低,注入水矿化度越低,温度越高,渗透率越大时,渗吸驱油采收率越高;其中润湿性对渗吸采收率的影响最为显著,岩石越亲水,渗吸驱油效果越好;阴离子型表面活性剂ZYL-1能够通过改变岩石表面润湿性和降低油水界面张力来提高渗吸驱油采收率;加入0. 3%ZYL-1后的周期注水最终采收率可以达到45. 6%,远远高于单独水驱时的28. 9%。矿场试验结果表明,注入表面活性剂ZYL-1关井渗吸驱油后,取得了显著的增产效果,说明间歇式周期注水和表面活性剂渗吸驱油相结合的方式能够提高裂缝性致密砂岩油藏的采收率。     

超低界面张力的二元驱油体系对水驱残余油启动和运移机理

针对三元复合驱含碱驱油体系引起地层黏土分散和运移、形成碱垢、导致地层渗透率下降,碱还会大幅度降低聚合物溶液的黏弹性,从而降低波及效率等问题,利用新研制的不加碱可形成超低界面张力两性表面活性剂,通过微观模型驱油实验,分析了聚丙烯酰胺/两性表面活性剂二元复合体系对残余油启动、运移的过程,研究了该二元复合体系对水驱后残余油的作用机理.研究表明:具有超低界面张力的聚表二元复合体系利用了聚合物溶液的黏弹特性和表面活性剂体系的超低界面张力特性,使采收率大幅度提高.残余油的启动主要以拉成油滴和油丝两种形式,在运移过程中,较大的油滴又形成更容易被驱替液携带的小油滴,从而使驱油效率提高.     

高含水后期非均质油藏W/O型表面活性剂调驱实验研究

针对常规低界面张力表面活性剂驱在非均质油藏易发生窜流、调驱效果差等问题,选用具有良好乳化增黏性能的W/O型表面活性剂调驱体系HC-2,促使油水两相在地层发生乳化,形成高黏度W/O型乳状液驱,有效驱替油藏低渗区域的残余油,改善高含水后期非均质油藏的开发效果.室内模拟高含水、非均质油藏条件,对W/O型表面活性剂调驱体系HC-2进行了基本性能评价及乳状液驱油研究.研究结果表明,HC-2的乳化增黏性能良好,在水油比小于7:3时,可促使油水两相完全乳化形成高黏度的W/O型乳状液,且乳化稳定系数SI均在66％以上;同时在X油藏条件下,HC-2可将油水界面张力降低至10-2 mN/m.岩心驱油实验结果表明,在高含水及高含水后期,W/O型表面活性剂HC-2调驱体系可提高原油采收率23％ ～28.77％;HC-2调驱体系具有较强的非均质性调控能力,在渗透率级差小于7.5时,可有效地增大驱替相黏度,改善高、低渗层吸液剖面,提高原油采收率.     

羊三木稠油油藏复合驱提高采收率实验研究

针对羊三木普通稠油油藏特征,通过界面张力实验和乳化实验筛选了聚表（SP）二元复合驱体系,体系组成为2 000 mg/L 表面活性剂PS–2+1 000 mg/L 聚合物HPAM。该聚表二元体系使油水界面张力降至10􀀀2 mN/m 数量级,并形成稳定的O/W 型乳状液。乳状液60 min 析水率为10.8%,降黏率为95.8%。岩芯流动实验表明,注入0.3 PV 驱油体系采收率提高幅度分别为聚表二元复合驱15.7%、聚合物驱10.8% 和表面活性剂驱7.9%。聚表二元复合驱提高羊三木稠油油藏采收率效果最好,适合用于提高普通稠油油藏采收率。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.