两种新型石油磺酸盐基复合驱油剂的研制

为提高驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力,提高原油的采收率,在研究了石油磺酸盐表面活性剂表面活性的基础上,研制了改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐和磺酸盐型Gemini-石油磺酸盐两种复合驱油剂,采用TX-500界面张力仪考察了两种复合驱油剂降低胜利油田油水界面张力的能力。研究表明,在一定的浓度条件下,石油磺酸盐能降低油水界面张力至1×10-2mN.m-1,改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至3.2×10-3mN.m-1,磺酸盐型Gemini-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至(4~6)×10-4mN.m-1。与传统驱油剂相比,两种复合驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力显著提高。     

两种新型石油磺酸盐基复合驱油剂的研制

为提高驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力,提高原油的采收率,在研究了石油磺酸盐表面活性剂表面活性的基础上,研制了改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐和磺酸盐型Gemini.石油磺酸盐两种复合驱油剂,采用TX-500界面张力仪考察了两种复合驱油剂降低胜利油田油水界面张力的能力.研究表明,在一定的浓度条件下,石油磺酸盐能降低油水界面张力至1×10-2mN·m-1,改性纳米二氧化硅-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至3.2×10-3mN·m-1,磺酸盐型Gemini-石油磺酸盐复合驱油剂能降低油水界面张力至(4～6)×10-4mN·m-1.与传统驱油剂相比,两种复合驱油剂降低油水界面张力的能力显著提高.     

癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂合成及性能研究

以甲基萘和溴代癸烷为原料,合成癸基甲基萘中间体,经磺化、提纯,得到高纯度的癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂.采用HPLC测定了表面活性剂的纯度,为97%.利用IR、UV及ESI-MS对其结构进行了表征.研究了癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂的表面活性和油水界面性能,讨论了表面活性剂质量分数、氢氧化钠质量分数对表面活性剂水溶液/山东胜利油田原油界面张力的影响.结果表明,癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂具有很高的降低溶液表面张力和油/水界面张力的能力和效率;临界胶束浓度为0.26 mmol·L-1,该浓度下的表面张力为31.61 mN·m-1,动态界面张力最低值达到2.59×10-6mN·m-1.癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂有望成为较理想的三次采油用表面活性剂.     

胜利油田孤东原油超低界面张力驱油体系研究

采用旋转滴法测定了单一表面活性剂体系、复配表面活性剂体系与孤东原油的动态界面张力。实验结果表明,单一表面活性剂体系超低界面张力维持时间较短,将甜菜碱表面活性剂(C18BE)与α-烯烃磺酸盐(AOS)表面活性剂复配后,可以使油水界面张力降至10-4m N/m。在此基础上,对这一复配体系的最佳复配比例进行了研究,最终优选出适合孤东原油的超低界面张力驱油体系。     

聚氧丙烯壬基酚醚硫酸酯盐/碱体系与原油动态界面张力研究

合成了聚氧丙烯壬基苯酚醚硫酸钠,研究了有机碱、无机碱以及所合成表面活性剂和有机碱、无机碱复配体系与桩西普通稠油的动态界面张力行为.结果表明:使用碳酸钠、三甲胺、三乙胺都可改变油水界面张力.碳酸钠/原油界面张力曲线呈"S"型变化,可分为缓慢上升、迅速上升和相对平衡3个阶段,而有机胺/原油界面张力曲线呈"U"型变化,出现动态界面张力最小值.碳酸钠加量不同时,其动态界面张力曲线变化不大;胺的质量分数升高时,动态界面张力则表现出先降低、后升高的趋势,存在最佳的胺加量.对于表面活性剂与Na2CO3复配体系,当Na2CO3加量高于一定临界值时,复配体系才有明显协同效应,此时仅需添加质量分数为0.0025%表面活性剂就可以将油水界面张力降低到10-5mN/m数量级.对于表面活性剂与有机胺的复配体系,降低油水界面张力的能力取决于体系中有机胺和表面活性剂的含量.只有当复配体系中有机胺的质量分数高于0.05%、9AS-3-0的质量分数低于0.01%时,复配体系才具有协同效应.上述研究说明:由有机碱和原油组分在油水界面反应生成的表面活性物质,其界面活性以及和聚氧丙烯壬基苯酚醚硫酸钠复配体系的界面张力行为与加无机碱的情况是不同的.另外,通过驱油试验证明,具有较低动态界面张力的9AS-3-0/Na2CO3复配体系有高的提高采收率的能力.     

三元复合驱中碱提高采收率作用机理

研究三元复合驱中碱提高采收率作用机理,对更好地应用其具有重要技术指导作用。设计了界面张力、吸附、乳化、润湿性等多组单一变量对比实验及微观模型、天然岩心驱油实验,研究了碱提高采收率作用机理。结果表明:碱与原油反应生成的表面活性剂。快速地吸附在油水界面上;碱迫使更多的外加表面活性剂进入油水界面,从而增加了界面层中表面活性剂浓度,达到了协同降低油水界面张力作用。碱电离的阴离子与外加表面活性剂在储层基质表面竞争吸附,增加了基质表面负电荷,使其对外加表面活性剂静电斥力加大,降低了外加表面活性剂吸附量。生成的表面活性剂乳化油相,使碱具备了乳化作用。在流动剪切作用下,生成的表面活性剂不断渗入膜状残余油与基质之间,改变了油/基质间、水/基质间界面张力,破坏了油-水-基质之间的原平衡体系,使润湿性由憎水亲油变成亲水憎油。碱提高采收率幅度可达近5%,具备显著提高采收率效应。     

新型耐盐蠕虫状胶束体系的性能和驱油效果研究

利用两性表面活性剂十六烷基磺基甜菜碱(HDAPS)、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和助剂在高盐条件下制备两种蠕虫状胶束体系,即HDAPS-SDS体系和HDAPS-SDS-0.2%助剂混合体系,研究体系的黏弹性能、降低油水界面张力性能和驱油效果。结果表明,质量分数为0.73%的HDAPS-SDS体系所形成的蠕虫状胶束在60℃时黏度为42.3 mPa·s,与原油界面张力最低值为6.0×10-2mN·m-1;加入0.2%助剂后,0.73%HDAPS-SDS体系的黏度提高到51 mPa·s,并可与原油达到6.7×10-3mN·m-1的超低界面张力;两种新型蠕虫状胶束具有流度控制和降低油水界面张力的双重作用,具有较好的驱油效果。     

耐垢碱/表面活性剂复合体系与桩西原油的界面张力研究

针对胜利油田桩西区块地层水钙、镁含量高的问题,通过测定耐垢碱与表面活性剂复合体系与桩西原油间的动态界面张力,形成了适合该区块的超低界面张力驱油体系。结果表明,单一表面活性剂和桩西原油的界面张力均无法达到超低水平,其中当质量分数为0.1%的CBET-17,降低界面张力能力最好,界面张力能达到7.5×10-2m N/m左右;由不同浓度偏硼酸钠和0.1%表面活性剂复合体系与桩西原油的界面张力表明,当浓度0.4%偏硼酸钠与0.1%CBET-17或者0.1%SLPS复配时,油水界面张力都能达到超低水平。同时由于偏硼酸钠具有耐垢性,可螯合地层水中的钙、镁离子,使得复合体系具有很好的耐垢能力,可以适合于胜利油田桩西区块的驱油。     

稠油油藏化学驱采收率的影响因素

采用烷基聚氧丙烯醚硫酸盐和羧基甜菜碱两类两性表面活性剂与碱复配构建具有不同界面张力特点的驱油体系,通过驱油试验评价不同体系对桩西稠油采收率的影响,采用微观驱替试验研究不同体系提高采收率的机制。结果表明:界面张力与采收率没有明显的对应关系;碱通过维持油、水、固三相接触点亲油性和降低油水界面张力,减弱驱替介质沿油与岩石之间的渗入,增强驱替介质从原油中心的突进和分散,提高驱替压力和波及体积;相比于碱和原油反应产生的表面活性剂,外加的表面活性剂亲水性较强,会增强固体表面的亲水性,导致驱油剂沿孔隙壁面突进;表面活性剂-碱体系与原油形成的细分散水包油型乳状液加剧了驱油剂的窜进,不利于提高波及系数;对于稠油油藏,化学驱体系的波及系数是提高采收率的关键因素。     

表面活性剂在大庆油田复合驱中的应用研究

研究了石油磺酸盐与烷基苯磺酸盐的最佳配比。考察了表面活性剂、碱、聚合物对油/水界面张力的影响。筛选出一种适合大庆油田的三元复合驱体系。该体系组成为0.3％的表面活性剂+1.2％的Na_2CO_3+1.0‰聚合物,在油层温度下(45℃)与原油界面张力可达1.8x10~(-3)mN/m。     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

Exciton Seebeck in Molecular Systems

Various applications relevant to the exciton dynamics,such as the organic solar cell,the large-area organic light-emitting diodes and the thermoelectricity,are operating under temperature gradient.The potential abnormal behavior of the exicton dynamics driven by the temperature difference may affect the efficiency and performance of the corresponding devices.In the above situations,the exciton dynamics under temperature difference is mixed with     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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An on-line scaling method for improving scalability of a database cluster

The explosive growth of the Internet and database applications has driven database to be more scalable and available, and able to support on-line scaling without interrupting service. To support more client's queries without downtime and degrading the response time, more nodes have to be scaled up while the database is running. This paper presents the overview of scalable and available database that satisfies the above characteristics. And we propose a novel on-line scaling method. Our method improves the existing on-line scaling method for fast response time and higher throughputs. Our proposed method reduces unnecessary network use, i.e. , we decrease the number of data copy by reusing the backup data. Also, our on-line scaling operation can be processed parallel by selecting adequate nodes as new node. Our performance study shows that our method results in significant reduction in data copy time.     

An improved R-tree based on childnode''s probability

R-Tree is a good structure for spatial searching. But in this indexing structure,either the sequence of nodes in the same level or sequence of traveling these nodes when queries are made is random. Since the possibility that the object appears in different MBR which have the same parents node is different, if we make the subnode who has the most possibility be traveled first, the time cost will be decreased in most of the cases. In some case, the possibility of a point belong to a rectangle will shows direct proportion with the size of the rectangle. But this conclusion is based on an assumption that the objects are symmetrically distributing in the area and this assumption is not always coming into existence. Now we found a more direct parameter to scale the possibility and made a little change on the structure of R-tree, to increase the possibility of founding the satisfying answer in the front sub trees. We names this structure probability based arranged R-tree (PBAR-tree).     

Integrating GIS Web services based on mediating architecture

The geographic information service is enabled by the advancements in general Web service technology and the focused efforts of the OGC in defining XML-based Web GIS service. Based on these models, this paper addresses the issue of services chaining,the process of combining or pipelining results from several interoperable GIS Web Services to create a customized solution. This paper presents a mediated chaining architecture in which a specific service takes responsibility for performing the process that describes a service chain. We designed the Spatial Information Process Language (SIPL) for dynamic modeling and describing the service chain, also a prototype of the Spatial Information Process Execution Engine (SIPEE) is implemented for executing processes written in SIPL. Discussion of measures to improve the functionality and performance of such system will be included.