膜生物反应器用于居民区生活污水处理与回用

采用缺氧/厌氧-生物膜技术,结合活性炭过滤、紫外线氯消毒的组合工艺深度处理居民区生活污水,分别以冲洗厕所和景观用水为目标,考察再生水的水质状况和主要参数;对比研究以混合生活污水和灰水分别作为中水源的技术和经济适用性.中试研究结果表明,以居住区生活污水(化粪池出水)作为中水源,运行条件停留时间8h、污泥质量浓度3500～7500 mg·L-1、出水无色无味,化学需氧量质量浓度低于30 mg·L-1,五日生化需氧量质量浓度低于3 mg·L-1,氨氮质量浓度低于3.0mg· L-1,可以稳定达到杂用水标准,但总氮、总磷浓度无法满足景观用水要求;模拟原污水(化粪池进水)的污染物浓度比例,运行条件为停留时间10h、污泥龄50 d、回流比为200％、污泥质量浓度5500～6000mg·L-1、外加聚合铝(有效铝)4～5 mg·L-1时,再生水的水质均优于冲厕和景观用水标准.在达到相同的再生水水质条件下,居住区的生活污水混合收集处理比灰水单独收集处理的工艺流程复杂,处理费用比后者高0.32元·m-3.居民区污水资源化采用何种收集和再生方式不仅要考虑技术经济合理性,还需结合居民区再生水的用途和用水量、当地气候条件等因素综合确定.     

ABR—BAF组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水

研究了厌氧折流板反应器（almerobic baffled reactor,ABR）与曝气生物滤池（biological aerated filter,BAF）的组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水的运行特点。结果表明：ABR的最佳水力停留时间（HRT）为24h,有机负荷（COD）小于6ks／m^3·d为宜,COD的平均去除率可达87％;BAF的最佳HRT为16h,最佳气水比为10：1,进水有机负荷（COD）宜保持在1．1～1．4kg／m^3·d,COD的平均去除率为82．0％。ABR-BAF组合工艺COD总去除率保持在98．4％～98．7％之间,出水的COD质量浓度为79～94mg／L,出水水质满足GB8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

煤矿工人村生活污水处理脱氮工业性试验研究

针对临涣煤矿工人村生活污水二级生化处理后氨氮(NH4-N+)不能满足地方环保排放要求,后续采用同步生物氧化(SBOT)工艺对其出水进行脱氮工业性试验研究.结果表明,缺氧/好氧(A/O)二级生化处理出水中平均质量浓度CODcr 44.9 mg·L-1、NH4-N+37.85mg·L-1、SS 21.74mg·L-1,SBOT水力停留时间2.88 h、溶解氧2.5~3.0 mg·L-1,最终出水中平均质量浓度为CODcr 14.8 mg·L-1、NH4-N+0.85 mg·L-1、SS 4.00 mg·L-1,平均去除率分别为66.9%,91.55%,81.49%,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准.     

油田含聚合物污水外排处理技术室内模拟研究

聚合物驱油技术大面积应用的同时也产生了含聚丙烯酰胺污水的处理问题.含聚污水具有粘度大、含油多、乳化稳定的特点,传统的污水处理方法及设施难以使该污水处理达到外排水水质的标准.用气浮+生物接触氧化法对孤岛油田含聚污水进行处理,首先利用气浮去除悬浮油和大部分聚合物,然后利用生物接触氧化膜上的烃类降解菌和聚丙烯酰胺降解菌组成的高效降解菌群的生物降解作用去除乳化油和残余的聚合物.研究结果表明:孤岛含聚污水经气浮+生物接触氧化法处理后含油量由300mg·L-1以上降至4mg·L-1以下,CODCr由1 700 mg·L-1以上降至100 mg·L-1以下,聚丙烯酰胺的含量由40 mg·L-1以上降到1.5 mg·L-1以下.出水水质完全达到国标GB8978-1996<污水综合排放标准>规定的一级排放标准.     

ABR-BAF组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水

研究了厌氧折流板反应器(anaerobic baffled reactor, ABR)与曝气生物滤池(biological aerated filter,BAF)的组合工艺处理大蒜切片废水的运行特点。结果表明：ABR的最佳水力停留时间（HRT）为24?h,有机负荷(COD)小于6?kg/m3·d为宜,COD的平均去除率可达87%;BAF的最佳HRT为16?h,最佳气水比为10∶1,进水有机负荷(COD)宜保持在1.1～1.4?kg/m3·d,COD的平均去除率为82.0%。ABR BAF组合工艺COD总去除率保持在98.4%～98.7%之间,出水的COD质量浓度为79～94?mg/L,出水水质满足GB8978 1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准。     

煤化工废水处理工艺设计及运行

采用A/O工艺处理煤化工度水,运行结果表明,该工艺能有效去除废水中的主要污染物,在原水水质COD≤4000mg/L,BOD≤1000mg/L,NH<,3>-N≤4500mg/L时,出水COD为78mg/L,BOD为18mg/L,NH<,3>-N为10mg/L,出水水质稳定,达到了<钢铁工业水污染物排放标准>(GB13456-92)一级标准.     

ABR-人工湿地组合工艺处理生活污水

研究厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)与人工湿地(constructed wetland)的组合工艺处理低浓度生活污水的运行特点及效果.结果表明:ABR的最佳停留时间(HRT)为12 h,COD的平均去除率为76%;人工湿地的最佳HRT为4 d.ABR-人工湿地组合工艺COD总去除率平均为89%,出水COD浓度为42~51 mg.L-1;对BOD5的总去除率达到95%,出水浓度低于11.2 mg.L-1;对SS的总去除率达到95%以上,出水SS浓度平均为9.1 mg.L-1;对氨氮有明显的去除效果,总去除率平均为66.8%,出水氨氮浓度低于15 mg.L-1.各项出水水质除氨氮外均满足GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》一级B标准.ABR-人工湿地组合工艺可作为农村生活污水的处理工艺推广使用.     

HAT/两级BAF处理中药综合废水

在分析现有处理工艺及废水特性的基础上,采用水解酸化(HAT)-两级曝气生物滤池(BAF)对衡阳中药厂综合废水处理进行了研究,并用活性炭对生化处理出水进行了深度处理.结果表明,22天可完成生物膜培养,水解酸化可较大地提高废水的可生化性,系统水力停留时间(HRT)从12 h增至28 h时,污染物去除率提高,出水水质变好.当HRT为24 h,进水COD、BOD、SS和色度为1600 mg.L-1、780 mg.L-1、275 mg.L-1和270倍时,BAFII出水分别为91 mg.L-1、20 mg.L-1、65 mg.L-1和70倍,相应的去除率为94.3%、97.4%、76.4%、74.1%,出水达到GB8978-1996二级标准,活性柱出水可达到回用.水解酸化-两级曝气生物滤池工艺在类似中药废水处理中的应用前景好.     

水解酸化-接触氧化法对含油污水处理效能研究

含油污水的处理是油田亟需解决的问题,通过对大庆油田实际含油污水分别进行厌氧处理、好氧处理、厌氧+好氧组合工艺处理以及生物强化后的组合工艺的生物处理,考察水解酸化-接触氧化工艺运行效果,并对其工艺参数进行优化.研究表明,厌氧池的工艺运行参数为:停留时间HRT为10 h,容积负荷为0.73~2.08 kg COD/(m~3·d~(-1)),溶解氧为0~0.5 mg/L.接触氧化池的工艺运行参数为:停留时间HRT为12 h,容积负荷为0.22~0.52 kg COD/(m~3·d~(-1)),溶解氧为2~5 mg/L.该组合工艺条件下,COD去除率为82.6%,出水含油量小于5 mg/L,达到国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)中规定的二级排放标准,对于实际含油污水的处理提供了技术支持.     

一体式膜生物反应器在城镇污水处理厂的中试研究

近年来,随着污水回用事业的发展,膜生物反应器（Membrane Bioreactor）日益受到人们重视,与其他的污水处理工艺相比,膜生物反应器是一种简洁、高效的废水处理工艺,采用规模为6m3/d的一体式膜生物反应器对山东东阿县城镇污水和工业废水的处理进行中试研究,整个系统连续运行了两个月,试验结果表明：出水水质稳定可靠,各项指标（CODcr≤35mg/L,氨氮≤5mg/L,总硬度（以CaCO3计）≤10mg/L,无SS）都满足回用水水质标准,利用连续曝气、间歇出水、化学清洗可以减少膜污染,恢复膜通量。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the